Self regulation, Relationships, Stereotypes

Question 1

Self regulation

Answer 1

the exercise of voluntary control over the self to the self into line with preferred standards (rather than natural desire)

often requires putting off immediate gratification for longer term benefits.

REQUIRES YOU TO BE STRONG. BE STRONG DAN. BE STRONG.

Question 2

cooperation

Answer 2

behavior by multiple individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Question 3

group

Answer 3

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others

Question 4

prejudice

Answer 4

an evaluation of another person based solely on their group membership

Question 5

common knowledge effect

Answer 5

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

one of the reasons groups often make worse decisions than the best member would have done alone., since the common knowledge is typically less important than specific knowledge possessed by the experts.

Also, groups place more weight on the people with high status and talk a lot, rather than the experts

Question 6

group polarization

Answer 6

the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

Since each member is exposed to many arguments in favor of a single position

Question 7

groupthink

Answer 7

the tendency for groups to reach consensus to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

members care about how others perceive them and don’t voice their reservations

Question 8

Deindividualization

Answer 8

immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.

why the kkk is so dangerous.

Question 9

diffusion of responsiblity

Answer 9

tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsiblity for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.

e.g i’d feel less bad about cheating if i knew everyone in the room was doing the same.

Question 10

social loafing

Answer 10

people expend less effort when in a group than when alone.

e.g not voting
resultant of diffusion of responsibility.

Question 11

bystander intervention

Answer 11

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

lessened by the diffusion of responsiblity. e.g the people who witnessed a murder but no one reported anything

Question 12

altruism

Answer 12

intentional behavior that benefits another at a cost to oneself

Question 13

kin selection

Answer 13

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

can create an illusion of altruism. e.g a squirrel that emits a warning call about a predator. increases the likelihood of it being noticed, but allows closely related relatives to survive and pass on its genes

Question 14

reciprocal altruism

Answer 14

behavior that benefits another with the expection that those benefits will be returned in the future

Question 15

mere exposure effect

Answer 15

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency to exposure

aka familiarity makes people friendlier

Question 16

Beauty (not super important, just interesting)

Answer 16

body shape, symmetry, age(fook me and my baby face).

find that online dating success is almost entirely influenced by beauty.

Question 17

biological reasons for perception of beauty (not super important, just interesting)

Answer 17

Symmetry indicates health: women can distinguish beetween symmetrical and asymmetrical men by smell alone. More testosterone creates triangle figure in men. Younger women are more fertile than older women, older men have more resources than young ones

Question 18

inner qualities (not super important, just interesting)

Answer 18

beauty gets people interested, but personality keeps them talking. People seek out others with similar degrees of each quality

Question 19

passionate love

Answer 19

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

what brings people together. REaches peak quickly, then begins to diminish within a few months

Question 20

companionate love

Answer 20

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being

what keeps people together. starts low, grows slowly, but continually grows (forever!!)

Question 21

comparison level

Answer 21

the cost-benefit ratio that a person believes he or she could attain in another relationship

kind of like opportunity cost. If current ratio is lower than potential ratio, people tend to view it unfavorably

How favorable a ratio is also depends on how much the couple already invested in the relationship. Which is why new marriages are more likely to divorce than old ones

Question 22

Equity

Answer 22

the cost benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favorable

people are naturally distressed when relationships are unequitable

Question 23

locus of control

Answer 23

the degree to which outcomes are viewed as internally controlled or externally controlled

we are happier if the locus of control is primarily internal–we can control our outcome

Question 24

Control theory

Answer 24

Theory of self regulation: self regulation operates on a feedback loop (thermostat model of self-regulation)

Input: perception of the situation
Comparator: What’s the ideal for the situation?
If there’s a discrepancy, the person acts to match the present to the ideal
Output: action of the system
Impact on environment: should resolve the problem.

Back to input until the comparator is met, or the person adjusts his/her comparator, or the person gives up

Question 25

Resource model

Answer 25

diff. theory of how self regulation works

self regulation operates like a muscle; you only have so much strength.

Any single self-regulation task requires self-regulatory strength
Self regulation task: any task needed to regulate our behavior (not natural desire).
Resisting temptation is depleting
We tend to have an all-or-nothing mindset
Either go hard on alcohol or don’t drink any at all one night
Better to go in moderation

trying to exercise control in one area may exhaust self control, lowering one’s ability to regulate other areas.

if you’re a G, you can train yourself to become more disciplined. are you disciplined dan? ARE YOU?

Question 26

what the hell effect

Answer 26

consequence of all-or-nothing mindset and chronic self regulation. After staying at “nothing” for so long, people go “what the hell” and go for it all. Seems like people either can or cannot self regulate.

especially for chronic dieters. better to try to just stay at moderation than go all out

Question 27

Four rules of relationships

Answer 27

1) People have a need to belong: they look for relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
2) Proximity
3) Similarity
4) Social Exchange Theory:

Question 28

matching phenomenon

Answer 28

people tend to match up with other people who are roughly similar in attractiveness

Question 29

Proximity

Answer 29

the most important factor of attraction.

affected by availability and mere exposure effect

Question 30

Similarity

Answer 30

second most important factor of attraction. we’re attracted to people we’re most alike

e.g matching phenomenon

Question 31

Social Exchange theory

Answer 31

third most important factor of attraction: we want to be with someone who will provide some social or material benefit to us

Question 32

Discrimination

Answer 32

unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in the group

e.g don’t hire women because they’ll quit when they have babies

Question 33

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Answer 33

Explain the conflict, negative prejudices, and discrimination that occurs between diff. groups of people who are in competition for the same resources

aka we stereotype more when a group is in conflict

Question 34

outgroup homogeneity

Answer 34

“Stereotypes are true for everyone but my group”.
the tendency to assume that members of outgroups are more similar, whereas members of our own groups are more different from each other.

e.g parent’s view that
not all asians are good at math, but all black people are good at basketball

Question 35

intergroup anxiety

Answer 35

People are more comfortable with members of their own group. Anxious when in different groups

Question 36

social identity theory

Answer 36

people seek to enhance their own self esteem by favoring ingroups over outgroups.

if members of my ingroup are superior, then I am superior

self esteem is based on personal identity and social identity