Self regulation, Relationships, Stereotypes Flashcards
Self regulation
the exercise of voluntary control over the self to the self into line with preferred standards (rather than natural desire)
often requires putting off immediate gratification for longer term benefits.
REQUIRES YOU TO BE STRONG. BE STRONG DAN. BE STRONG.
cooperation
behavior by multiple individuals that leads to mutual benefit
group
a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
prejudice
an evaluation of another person based solely on their group membership
common knowledge effect
the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.
one of the reasons groups often make worse decisions than the best member would have done alone., since the common knowledge is typically less important than specific knowledge possessed by the experts.
Also, groups place more weight on the people with high status and talk a lot, rather than the experts
group polarization
the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.
Since each member is exposed to many arguments in favor of a single position
groupthink
the tendency for groups to reach consensus to facilitate interpersonal harmony.
members care about how others perceive them and don’t voice their reservations
Deindividualization
immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values.
why the kkk is so dangerous.
diffusion of responsiblity
tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsiblity for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way.
e.g i’d feel less bad about cheating if i knew everyone in the room was doing the same.
social loafing
people expend less effort when in a group than when alone.
e.g not voting
resultant of diffusion of responsibility.
bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
lessened by the diffusion of responsiblity. e.g the people who witnessed a murder but no one reported anything
altruism
intentional behavior that benefits another at a cost to oneself
kin selection
the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives
can create an illusion of altruism. e.g a squirrel that emits a warning call about a predator. increases the likelihood of it being noticed, but allows closely related relatives to survive and pass on its genes
reciprocal altruism
behavior that benefits another with the expection that those benefits will be returned in the future
mere exposure effect
the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency to exposure
aka familiarity makes people friendlier
Beauty (not super important, just interesting)
body shape, symmetry, age(fook me and my baby face).
find that online dating success is almost entirely influenced by beauty.
biological reasons for perception of beauty (not super important, just interesting)
Symmetry indicates health: women can distinguish beetween symmetrical and asymmetrical men by smell alone. More testosterone creates triangle figure in men. Younger women are more fertile than older women, older men have more resources than young ones
inner qualities (not super important, just interesting)
beauty gets people interested, but personality keeps them talking. People seek out others with similar degrees of each quality
passionate love
an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
what brings people together. REaches peak quickly, then begins to diminish within a few months
companionate love
an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being
what keeps people together. starts low, grows slowly, but continually grows (forever!!)
comparison level
the cost-benefit ratio that a person believes he or she could attain in another relationship
kind of like opportunity cost. If current ratio is lower than potential ratio, people tend to view it unfavorably
How favorable a ratio is also depends on how much the couple already invested in the relationship. Which is why new marriages are more likely to divorce than old ones
Equity
the cost benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favorable
people are naturally distressed when relationships are unequitable
locus of control
the degree to which outcomes are viewed as internally controlled or externally controlled
we are happier if the locus of control is primarily internal–we can control our outcome
Control theory
Theory of self regulation: self regulation operates on a feedback loop (thermostat model of self-regulation)
Input: perception of the situation
Comparator: What’s the ideal for the situation?
If there’s a discrepancy, the person acts to match the present to the ideal
Output: action of the system
Impact on environment: should resolve the problem.
Back to input until the comparator is met, or the person adjusts his/her comparator, or the person gives up
Resource model
diff. theory of how self regulation works
self regulation operates like a muscle; you only have so much strength.
Any single self-regulation task requires self-regulatory strength
Self regulation task: any task needed to regulate our behavior (not natural desire).
Resisting temptation is depleting
We tend to have an all-or-nothing mindset
Either go hard on alcohol or don’t drink any at all one night
Better to go in moderation
trying to exercise control in one area may exhaust self control, lowering one’s ability to regulate other areas.
if you’re a G, you can train yourself to become more disciplined. are you disciplined dan? ARE YOU?
what the hell effect
consequence of all-or-nothing mindset and chronic self regulation. After staying at “nothing” for so long, people go “what the hell” and go for it all. Seems like people either can or cannot self regulate.
especially for chronic dieters. better to try to just stay at moderation than go all out
Four rules of relationships
1) People have a need to belong: they look for relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
2) Proximity
3) Similarity
4) Social Exchange Theory:
matching phenomenon
people tend to match up with other people who are roughly similar in attractiveness
Proximity
the most important factor of attraction.
affected by availability and mere exposure effect
Similarity
second most important factor of attraction. we’re attracted to people we’re most alike
e.g matching phenomenon
Social Exchange theory
third most important factor of attraction: we want to be with someone who will provide some social or material benefit to us
Discrimination
unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in the group
e.g don’t hire women because they’ll quit when they have babies
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Explain the conflict, negative prejudices, and discrimination that occurs between diff. groups of people who are in competition for the same resources
aka we stereotype more when a group is in conflict
outgroup homogeneity
“Stereotypes are true for everyone but my group”.
the tendency to assume that members of outgroups are more similar, whereas members of our own groups are more different from each other.
e.g parent’s view that
not all asians are good at math, but all black people are good at basketball
intergroup anxiety
People are more comfortable with members of their own group. Anxious when in different groups
social identity theory
people seek to enhance their own self esteem by favoring ingroups over outgroups.
if members of my ingroup are superior, then I am superior
self esteem is based on personal identity and social identity
