Emotion

Question 1

multidimensional scaling

Answer 1

allows researchers to study something that cannot be described uniformly by asking multiple questions about relationships between words and creating a map.

e.g studying emotion. People can’t describe what happy feels like, but they can say how similar one emotion is to another. like a linkage map in bio

Question 2

Valence

Answer 2

Dimension of emotional experience. “How positive or negative the experience is”. Measured with multidimensional scaling

Question 3

Arousal

Answer 3

dimension of emotional experience. “How active or passive the experience is” Measured with multidimensional scaling. aka how strong an emotion is

Question 4

Emotion

Answer 4

a positive or negative experience(valence) that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity (arousal)

Question 5

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 5

the theory that a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Question 6

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 6

a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain.

they argue against James-Lange bc we don’t have enough bodily reactions to signal every emotion

Question 7

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 7

modern theory- a stimulus triggers a general state of arousal in the body, which the mind then interprets as a specific emotion.

Compromise of the two early theories

e.g if you start sliding down a mountain, your heart starts pounding, your muscles tense, your blood flows. Your mind then interprets the reaction and the ground rushing towards you to decide an emotion–fear.

If your heart started pounding and there was a cute girl in front of you, your mind would interpret the bodily response as excitement

Question 8

Emotion regulation

Answer 8

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

e.g affect labeling (putting feelings into words) is effective at reducing intensity of emotional states. So yell and scream all you want when you got rejected from Vandy.
suppression (inhibiting outward signs of an emotion) is ineffective+deleterious. When you got rejected from UChicago

Question 9

reappraisal

Answer 9

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus. let go of biases and have an open mind

you reevaluate the value of something.

people better at this tend to live better lives (better relationships, b/c they give people second chances)

Question 10

Emotional expression

Answer 10

an observable sign of an emotional state

WORDS ARE NOT EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS. THEY ARE EMOTIONAL SYMBOLS THAT ARE ASSIGNED MEANING. signs are universal, like smiling

Question 11

universality hypothesis

Answer 11

Darwin’s hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Evidence suggests he was mainly right.
Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness are universal. (FAHD)

embarrassment, surprise, amusement, guilt, shame, and pride may be universal (SAGES)

Question 12

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 12

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

e.g people are happier when they make the sound of a long “e”, since they’re smiling.

B/c we tend to mimic each other’s behaviors during interaction, (we smile when friend smiles), facial feedback helps us empathize and imagine what our friends are feeling

Question 13

motivation

Answer 13

the psychological cause of an action.

eMOTION MOtivaTION. Coincidence? nah. emotions influence motivation. Provide people with information and objectives to strive for

Question 14

How emotions provide information

Answer 14

Because events in the world can influence our emotions, our emotions can provide information about events in the world.

This helps us in decision making, when evaluating which will result in a better emotion

Question 15

hedonic principle

Answer 15

people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain. separated into approach and avoidance motivations

explains how “emotions provide objectives to strive for”.

Question 16

human sexual response cycle

Answer 16

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity

excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase

Question 17

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 17

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Desire to engage in tasks that person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging

Question 18

extrinsic motivation

Answer 18

motivation to take actions that lead to reward (or absence of punishment)

Rewards undermine intrinsic motivation:
something that has an intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can often be misinterpreted to only have extrinsic motivation.

e.g turn a hobby into a job and it stops being enjoyable

Punishments create intrinsic motivation:
e.g Threat of punishment for playing with something makes people want to play with it more. That’s why threats can often do more harm than good. Encourage rather than discourage

maybe because we associate rewards with things we don’t want to do

External influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules, and responsibilities

Question 19

conscious motivations

Answer 19

motivations of which people are aware

Question 20

unconscious motivations

Answer 20

motivations of which people are not aware. probably intrinsic. Harder to measure. May use thematic apperception test

Question 21

need for achievement

Answer 21

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems. Typically an unconscious motivation

Question 22

general motivations

Answer 22

Is conscious during easy tasks: applicable to many facets of life. e.g “to be helpful”.

Question 23

specific motivations

Answer 23

only become conscious when people encounter difficulties

Question 24

approach motivation

Answer 24

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

one part of hedonist theory

Question 25

avoidance motivation

Answer 25

the motivation to not experience a negative outcome.

other part of hedonist theory. Tends to be stronger.

Question 26

loss aversion

Answer 26

the tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains. stringer avoidance motivation than approach motivation

so people won’t make bets unless they’re more than 50% sure they’ll win.

loss aversion refers to what people care more about. prevention focus is what people think in terms of. may be linked, but dont’ have to be

loss aversion: people recycle more when they are punished for not recycling than when they are rewarded for it.

prevention focus: people meet deadlines in order to avoid punishment.

Question 27

promotion focus

Answer 27

tend to think in terms of achieving gains, rather than avoiding losses.

strong approach motivation, since happier when rewarded

people meet deadlines to be rewarded

Question 28

prevention focus

Answer 28

people who think in terms of avoiding losses.

Stronger avoidance motivation, since more anxious when threatened

Question 29

Terror management theory

Answer 29

theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

Question 30

cultural worldview

Answer 30

set of beliefs about what is good and righteous. Helps people manage existential terror

Allows people to see themselves as part of something larger and full of meaning.

Either symbolic immortality (leaving mark) or literal (being pious and afterlife). part of terror management theory

Question 31

mortality salience hypothesis

Answer 31

people who are reminded of their mortality hold on tighter to their cultural worldview (their sense of morality)

Question 32

6 basic emotions

Answer 32

fear, anger, happiness, disgust, sadness, surprise (FAHDSS)

Question 33

Components of emotion

Answer 33

affective component, physiological component, cognitive component

Question 34

affective component

Answer 34

Immediate positive or negative feeling/response. Develops very quickly, maybe before the vent is even understood. Something that induces fear causes blood flow to increase immediately. Difficult to change from positive to negative, since it’s so fast that it AFFECTS the rest of my response: similar principle as priming. component of emotion

Question 35

Physiological component

Answer 35

Physical reaction to emotion. Caused by chemical changes in nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system).

Relatively fast, but difficult to interpret: there are not different patterns of response for different emtions.
Anger and fear are similar

Question 36

Cognitive component

Answer 36

How people think about what they are feeling
Slowest acting. Depends in part on affective, physiological component, and situational factors.

Women report higher measures than men in almost every emotion. Not that they actually feel, but what they think about how they feel.

Women will interpret “feeling meh” as depression, while men report it as boredom
Artificial smiling makes things more enjoyable due to cognitive component’s consideration of physiological responses

Question 37

overjustification effect

Answer 37

providing compelling extrinsic motivations causes people to lose sight of intrinsic motivations.

like doing test corrections for extra credit

Question 38

Schacter-Singer experiment

Answer 38

showed importance of cognitive component.

brains use affect component and physiological response, as well as considers the situation to decide what emotion to feel