Disorders Flashcards
anxiety disorder
mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
Most common mental disorder: 18% incidence (how common in 6 month period), 29% prevalence (how common in lifetime)
anxiEIGHTEEN disorder, xi in roman numerals is 11. 11+18=29
phobia disorders
type of anxiety disorder characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
individuals are aware of their irrationality, but cannot help but feel fear
three types: specific, agoraphobia, and social
specific phobia
irrational fear of a particular object or situation that notably interferes with an individual’s ability to function
5 categories
1) animals
2) natural environments (heights, darkness, water, storms)
3) situations (bridges, elevators, enclosed spaces)
4) blood, injections, and injury
5) other
social phobia/anxiety
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
6.8% Americans have social anxiety
12% of men and 14% of women qualify at some time in their lives. I was a terrible public speaker when I was 13. Then I went through toastmasters.
not a specific phobia
preparedness theory
people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.
irrelevant: (genetic basis: 30% of first-degree relatives of individuals with phobias also have a phobia)
panic disorder
the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
22% report having at least 1 panic attack
to be diagnosed with panic disorder, individual must experience repeated panic attacks and report significant anxiety about another attack
about 5% of people will qualify some time in their lives. more women than men.
30 to 40% affected by genetics
people who are prone to panic attacks are high in anxiety sensitivity (they interpret elevated breathing and heartrate as anxiety more readily).
panic attacks are often “fear of fear” itself. They panic because they’re panicking
agoraphobia
a specific phobia involving a fear of public places. 2.2% americans
tends to co-occur with panic disorders: individuals with both have fear they will have panic attack in public
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration probelms, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
high comorbidity.
generalized because the worries are not focused on any particular threat. Have basic irrational assumptions that causes them to overreact. Tend to have an all-or-nothing mindset. If i don’t do this, i’m dead
4% incidence, 6% prevalence. Women at higher risk than men (2:1 ratio) forty sex. for de sex. OH MY GAD People have anxiety for the sex.
afflicted have cognitive triad: negative view of self, world, and future (worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness)
Treated with Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) sounds like ZBT lol.
1) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help w/ acceptance
2) anxioloytics and antidepressants
3) relaxation training
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts; interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
Type of anxiety disorder:
28% of adults REPORT obsessions or compulsions at some point in american lives
2% develop actual OCD. OCD compulsions/obsessions involve checking (79%), ordering (57%), moral concerns (43%) and contamination (26%)
seems to stem from biological preparedness. e.g contamination–cleanliness is important to avoid contracting disease.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
many soldiers returning combat experience PTSD symptoms, but the symptoms subside with time. PTSD is more constant. experienced by approx. 12% of veterans, 7% prevalence overall
likelihood affected by pretraumatic (temperament, environment, genetic), peritraumatic (environmental (severity of trauma), and posttraumatic factors (coping strategies, social support)
Mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
main forms are depression and bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and apetite disturbance
typically just referred to as depression
persistent depressive disorder
same problems as major depressive disorder are present, but are less sever and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression:
co-occurence of persisent and major depressive disorder:
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
recurring depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
Depression stats
approx 18% meet criteria for depression at some point. more women than men
major depression lasts an average of 12 weeks.
without treatment, approx 80% of individuals will experience at least one recurrence of the disorder
heritability estimates range from 33 to 45 percent
why mental disorder rates tend to be higher for women than men
different hormones: different perception of their emotions.
e.g women perceive inability to experience pleasure as depression, while men characterize it as boredom
Neurotransmitters’ effect on depression
increased norepinephrine and seratonin helps treat depression, though not entirely
cognitive model of depression
biases in how information is perceived and processed and remembered influences depression
negative thoughts contribute to depression, while optimism fights it.
negative schema about the world from childhood facilitates depression, as well as biological factors
for disorders, the models are all models: and all pretty simple. Cognitive model, not cognitive-behavior model(which relates to how attitude affects emotions)
helplessness theory
individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (ie their own fault), stable (unlikely to change) and global (widespread)
part of the cognitive model of depression:
negative schema (that contributes to depression)
biased in interpretations of information, attention (focus on the negative) and memory (better recall of the negative)
bipolar disorder
a conditioned characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
depressive phase basically identical to major depression.
bipolar due to the manic episodes, which must last at least 1 week to meet DSM requirements.
prevalence: 2.6%
manic episode
abnormally high mood and psychotic features like hallucinations and delusions lasting about a week
Grandiose ideas, inflated idea of self importance, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, pressured speech from racing thoughts, involvement in pleasurable but very high risk activities (illusion of invulnerability)
lack of motivation and pessimism actually protects them from suicide.
repressive medicine can be dangerous b/c makes them more optimistic about suicide.
more likely to commit suicide than depressive disorder. reason they’re just tired of being burden to others and going through swings,
very hard to recover from, b/c of biological basis
bipolar statistics
lifetime risk is about 2.5% and does not differ between men and women.
90% of people suffer from several episodes over a lifetime.
10% have rapid cycling bipolar disorder (at least 4 mood episodes every year)
high levels of heritability. polygenic (multiple genes affect one trait) and pleiotropic effects (one gene affects multiple traits–in the case of bipolar, one gene affects susceptibility to other mental disorders)
expressed emotion
measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolveement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder
afflicted individuals living with people with high expressed emotion are more likely to relapse than people with supportive families
