Disorders Flashcards
anxiety disorder
mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
Most common mental disorder: 18% incidence (how common in 6 month period), 29% prevalence (how common in lifetime)
anxiEIGHTEEN disorder, xi in roman numerals is 11. 11+18=29
phobia disorders
type of anxiety disorder characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
individuals are aware of their irrationality, but cannot help but feel fear
three types: specific, agoraphobia, and social
specific phobia
irrational fear of a particular object or situation that notably interferes with an individual’s ability to function
5 categories
1) animals
2) natural environments (heights, darkness, water, storms)
3) situations (bridges, elevators, enclosed spaces)
4) blood, injections, and injury
5) other
social phobia/anxiety
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
6.8% Americans have social anxiety
12% of men and 14% of women qualify at some time in their lives. I was a terrible public speaker when I was 13. Then I went through toastmasters.
not a specific phobia
preparedness theory
people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.
irrelevant: (genetic basis: 30% of first-degree relatives of individuals with phobias also have a phobia)
panic disorder
the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
22% report having at least 1 panic attack
to be diagnosed with panic disorder, individual must experience repeated panic attacks and report significant anxiety about another attack
about 5% of people will qualify some time in their lives. more women than men.
30 to 40% affected by genetics
people who are prone to panic attacks are high in anxiety sensitivity (they interpret elevated breathing and heartrate as anxiety more readily).
panic attacks are often “fear of fear” itself. They panic because they’re panicking
agoraphobia
a specific phobia involving a fear of public places. 2.2% americans
tends to co-occur with panic disorders: individuals with both have fear they will have panic attack in public
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration probelms, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
high comorbidity.
generalized because the worries are not focused on any particular threat. Have basic irrational assumptions that causes them to overreact. Tend to have an all-or-nothing mindset. If i don’t do this, i’m dead
4% incidence, 6% prevalence. Women at higher risk than men (2:1 ratio) forty sex. for de sex. OH MY GAD People have anxiety for the sex.
afflicted have cognitive triad: negative view of self, world, and future (worthlessness, helplessness, hopelessness)
Treated with Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) sounds like ZBT lol.
1) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help w/ acceptance
2) anxioloytics and antidepressants
3) relaxation training
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts; interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
Type of anxiety disorder:
28% of adults REPORT obsessions or compulsions at some point in american lives
2% develop actual OCD. OCD compulsions/obsessions involve checking (79%), ordering (57%), moral concerns (43%) and contamination (26%)
seems to stem from biological preparedness. e.g contamination–cleanliness is important to avoid contracting disease.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
many soldiers returning combat experience PTSD symptoms, but the symptoms subside with time. PTSD is more constant. experienced by approx. 12% of veterans, 7% prevalence overall
likelihood affected by pretraumatic (temperament, environment, genetic), peritraumatic (environmental (severity of trauma), and posttraumatic factors (coping strategies, social support)
Mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
main forms are depression and bipolar disorder
major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and apetite disturbance
typically just referred to as depression
persistent depressive disorder
same problems as major depressive disorder are present, but are less sever and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression:
co-occurence of persisent and major depressive disorder:
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
recurring depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
Depression stats
approx 18% meet criteria for depression at some point. more women than men
major depression lasts an average of 12 weeks.
without treatment, approx 80% of individuals will experience at least one recurrence of the disorder
heritability estimates range from 33 to 45 percent
why mental disorder rates tend to be higher for women than men
different hormones: different perception of their emotions.
e.g women perceive inability to experience pleasure as depression, while men characterize it as boredom
Neurotransmitters’ effect on depression
increased norepinephrine and seratonin helps treat depression, though not entirely
cognitive model of depression
biases in how information is perceived and processed and remembered influences depression
negative thoughts contribute to depression, while optimism fights it.
negative schema about the world from childhood facilitates depression, as well as biological factors
for disorders, the models are all models: and all pretty simple. Cognitive model, not cognitive-behavior model(which relates to how attitude affects emotions)
helplessness theory
individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (ie their own fault), stable (unlikely to change) and global (widespread)
part of the cognitive model of depression:
negative schema (that contributes to depression)
biased in interpretations of information, attention (focus on the negative) and memory (better recall of the negative)
bipolar disorder
a conditioned characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
depressive phase basically identical to major depression.
bipolar due to the manic episodes, which must last at least 1 week to meet DSM requirements.
prevalence: 2.6%
manic episode
abnormally high mood and psychotic features like hallucinations and delusions lasting about a week
Grandiose ideas, inflated idea of self importance, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, pressured speech from racing thoughts, involvement in pleasurable but very high risk activities (illusion of invulnerability)
lack of motivation and pessimism actually protects them from suicide.
repressive medicine can be dangerous b/c makes them more optimistic about suicide.
more likely to commit suicide than depressive disorder. reason they’re just tired of being burden to others and going through swings,
very hard to recover from, b/c of biological basis
bipolar statistics
lifetime risk is about 2.5% and does not differ between men and women.
90% of people suffer from several episodes over a lifetime.
10% have rapid cycling bipolar disorder (at least 4 mood episodes every year)
high levels of heritability. polygenic (multiple genes affect one trait) and pleiotropic effects (one gene affects multiple traits–in the case of bipolar, one gene affects susceptibility to other mental disorders)
expressed emotion
measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional overinvolveement people communicate when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder
afflicted individuals living with people with high expressed emotion are more likely to relapse than people with supportive families
Schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes: a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior
wide variety of symptoms: broken into positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed when two or more symptoms emerge consistently for at least a month, with signs of the disorder persisting for at least 6 months
occurs in about 1% of the population, 10% if first relative. is slightly more common in men than women.
Age of onset typically between 16-30, typically earlier developed in men than women.
despite how uncommon, it’s the leading diagnosis for nearly 40% of admissions to state and county mental hospitals.
second most frequent diagnoses for inpatient psychiatric admission at other institutions
treatment: medications (antipsychotic meds control positive symptoms), therapy (deal with emotional effects), dopamine system (damage to brain cannot be reversed from excess dopamine)
psychosis
a break from reality
psychotic disorders involve breaks from reality. like schizophrenia
positive symptoms
Something that is present that is not normally present for a typical person:
distorted thougths and behaviors, delusions and hullicinations, not seen in those without the disorder
most apparent during acute phase of illness
hallucinations
a positive symptom. false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation; sensory perceptions that distort or occur without stimulus (hearing voices, seeing or feeling something that isn’t there, etc)
sensing something that is not there
65% of people with schizophrenia report hearing voices repeatedly
delusions
type of positive symptom. false beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose, that are maintained in spite of their irrationality
disorganized speech and thought
a positive symptom severe disurption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics. Neologisms (new words (NEO), clang associations (nonsense sequences or rhyming) echolalia (mimicking what they just heard. ECHO-LALA), echopraxia (repeat the gestures of others. ECHO PRACTICE), word salad
flow of consciousness
grossly disorganized behavior
positive symtpom. behavior that’s inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining simple goals. Agitated body movements
e.g constant childlike silliness, improper sexual behavior (masturbating in public), disheveled appearance, loud shouting or swearing
catatonic behavior
positive symptom. type of disorganized behavior: significant decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity or overactivity
may actively resist movement or become in a stupor–completely unaware of surroundings
negative symptoms
deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors
symptoms relate to things missing in people with schizophrenia.
Flat affect- low emotionality
Lack of pleasure in everyday life
Lack of motivation to begin or sustain planned activities
Lack of speech even when forced to interact
things like emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; barely speaking
cognitive symptoms
deficits in cognitive abilities, specificically executive function, attention, and working memory
dopamine hypothesis
idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
research suggests the hypothesis is inaccurate
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persisstent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities
believe it’s due to low capacity for empathizing and superior systematizing (understanding and following rules that organize objects)
0.6% incidence and prevalence. 6 is the devil’s number. antivaccers believe in the devil. 90% heritability. Signifacntly more common in boys
that’s why dr. cox’s friend’s son was so good at stacking blocks
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant imparments in functioning
requires multiple symptoms of inattetion for at least 6 months in at least two settings (like home and school)
10% boys, 4% girls. 4% of adults (many adults grow out of it)
conduct disorder
child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations
qualifying requires meeting 3 of the 15 defined symptoms, which is why the prevalence is 9%. Pretty easy to qualify. More males than females
40% with conduct disorder have an average 3 symptoms that involve rule breaking, theft, or aggression
high comorbidity with personality disorders and adhd
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning
about 15% of americans presently have a personality disorder. Think: new taylor swift has a personality disorder. One of her songs is called Fifteen
Types of personality disorders
1) odd/eccentric
2) dramatic/erratic
3) anxious/inhibited
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
about 3.6% of the gen pop has APD right now, and men lead in 3:1 ratio
many serial killers and other criminals have APD. 47% of men criminals and 21% women criminals sociopath and psychopath describe APDs that are misleadingly charismatic
suicide
intentional self-inflicted death. tenth leading cause of death in US, and second leading cause of death among people 15-24 years old
80% of worldwide suicides occur among men.
white people account for 90% of all suicides
suicide attempts
potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying
15% of adults have seriously considered suicide at some point in their lives, 5% have made a plan to kill themselves, and 5% have actually made an attempt
worldwide, it’s 9% considered, 3% planned, and 3% attempted
although more men than women die by suicide, women experience suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide (but fail) at significantly higher rates than men
nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)
direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die
15-20% of adolescents and 3-6% adults engaged in NSSI at some point in their lifetime
when you cut yourself, you are off one fifth of your extremeties (2 legs+2 arms+1 head). one fifth minus five divided by five
people engage in NSSI either to diminish the intensity of their emotional and physiological response to negative events (e.g how warm cut himself to quell suicidal thoughts) or as a call for help
Anorexia Nervosa
0.6 percent of americans, 0.5-1 percent of adolescents
Symptoms: extremely low body weight: more than 15% below ideal. relentless pursuit of thinness, strong fear of gaining weight, even if underweight. Distorted body image and belief that body image is crucial to self-worth
cessation of menstruation (missed at least 3 cycles)
echolalia
type of disorganized speech+thought of schizophrenia positive symptom:
people repeat what they just heard
echopraxia
type of disorganized speech+thought of schizophrenia positive symptom:
people mimic gestures of others
neologisms
type of disorganized speech+thought of schizophrenia positive symptom:
make up new words
clang associations
type of disorganized speech+thought of schizophrenia positive symptom:
nonsense sequences of rhyming of similar words (like in The Flash)
DSM-V
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders volume 5.
Divides disorders into categories useful for understanding and treatment. provides criteria based on typical symptoms of each disorder
Biological model (of how disorders develop)
many disorders involve underlying biological key to developing illness.
Either structural abnormalities, biochemical processes, genetic influences (gen. influence typically treatable with medication)
cognitive-behavioral model (of how disorders develop)
disorders are from learning and reinforcing maladaptive tendencies. Biased perception of reality leads to maladaptive responses (e.g pessimism)
Treated NOT with psychoanalysis, but by restructuring behavior-reward cycle
E.g train someone with arachnophobia to use relaxation techniques
Then tell them story about spider, and let them grow accustomed to it with help of relaxation technique
Then show them picture of spider until they grow accustomed
Then bring a live spider, then let them hold the spider, etc
Question: is this the same as the cognitive model of depression? I think so
Diathesis-Stress Model (of how disorders develop)
Biological, psychological, and environmental factors influence development of disorder
E.g homeless people are more likely to have mental health disorder
But which happened first?
Model posits that we all have some biological basis for mental disorder
We all have life stressors
If Biological basis+life stressors add up to “threshold”, you can develop schizophrenia
Essentially, disorders develop from a combination of biology and stress felt
Depressive disorder (all depressive disorders). Includes MDD
12% of men and 21% women seek treatment. 70% more common in women.
Symptoms: feelings of sadness unrelated to external events. May be a single episode or recurring.
Sadness persists for more than a few weeks
Sadness is severe enough to disrupt daily functioning
Persistent depressive disorder
less severe (lower arousal), low level depression persisting for 1-2 years.
Symptoms: low energy, weight loss or gain, sleep issues, diminished pleasure in previously pleasant things. Can manifest as stress and irritability
comorbidity
co-occuring diagnoses (multiple disorders)
fear
physiological and emotional response to real immediate danger (sympathetic NS response)
anxiety
unlike fear, more general physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger
involve anticipation of future danger and worry
incidence of mental health disorder
1 in 4 adults suffer from some diagnosable mental health disorder
highest rates of comorbidity
major depressive disorder (77%)
Generalized anxiety disorder- 38%
incidence of mental health disorder
1 in 4 adults suffer from some diagnosable mental health disorder
bulemia nervosa
0.6% americans, 2-3% of adolescents. Periods of highly restrained eating, followed by binge: unrestrained eating of a ton.
90% also purge by forcing vomiting.
many bulemics are presently or are recovering anorexics
dissociative disorders
conditions that involve breakdown in memory, awareness, identity, or perception.
amnesia, fugue (0.2%), identity
