Self Directed Study

Question 1

What are the four stages of nocioception?

Answer 1

Transduction, transmission, perception and modulation

Question 2

Perception, explain process etc.

Answer 2

Triggered by noxious stimuli
Intensity not related to tissue damage.
Nerve damage doesn’t respond to analgesic

Question 3

What is suffering used for?

Answer 3

As a language to describe pain, not all suffering is pain

Question 4

What are pain behaviours?

Answer 4

Result from pain and suffering, they are observable and quantified. Influenced by the environment

Question 5

What is transient pain?

Answer 5

Pain that happens in every day life. Not a reason to seek medical treatment and not associated with tissue damage,

Question 6

What is acute pain?

Answer 6

Substantial injury of body tissue, pain stops before healing is complete. Malignant pain can be continuous acute. Changes of nociceptors occur in acute stages.

Question 7

What is chronic pain

Answer 7

Takes months/years to heal, unrelenting, intensity is out of proportion to original injury, exceeds body’s ability to heal

Question 8

Who is the best girl in the whole world, starts with A and ends with B?

Answer 8

Anna Josefa Maria Scheib! 😀😀😀😍😍😍😘😘😘💝💝💝📞📞📞☎️🎉🎎🚨⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️⬆️

Question 9

What is nocioception?

Answer 9

Encoding and processing of noxious stimuli. Specialised transducers attached to a delta and c fibres which may be biased by inflammatory and neural changes

Question 10

What is the most plasuible link for transition of acute to chronic pain?

Answer 10

Modification

Question 11

What does prolonged firing of c fibres do?

Answer 11

Causes release of glutamate (major excitatory neurotransmitter within the cns )

Question 12

What is wind up?

Answer 12

An increased in intensity and duration of response by a giving the nmda receptors. Normally nmda is blocked, continuous stimulation removes this.

Question 13

Why is nmda receptor available after on going tissue injury? And what does this open receptor play a role in?

Answer 13

Through release of inflammatory chemicals from c fibres. Inflammatory and neuropathic pain States. Results in secondary hyperalgesia also

Question 14

What is required for descending hibatory pathways? And wher?

Answer 14

Nmda receptors in the substantia gelantosa.

Question 15

Why don’t anti inflammatorys work very well for neuropathic pain?

Answer 15

Injuries and diseases of the nervous system that result in neuropathic pain promote inflammatory mediators within the spinal cord. Blocking peripheral inflammation alone would not work

Question 16

Explain the process of peripheral sensitization.

Answer 16

Tissue damage releases inflammatory cells and also causes neurogenic inflammatory response. Inflammatory cells release chemical mediators. An inflammatory chemical soup is created that sensizitize high threshold nociceptors.

Question 17

What changes occur with peripheral sensitization?

Answer 17

Increased responsiveness to thermal stimuli at site of injury (primary hyperalgesia).
Awakening of the silent nociceptors by chemical sensitization, randomly discharging.
Changes in receptive field.

Question 18

Primary afferent nociceptors terminate in different laminae levels on several classes of Neurons. What classes are they and why do they do this?

Answer 18

Projection Neurons that transmit information to supraspinal structures. One type is the wide dynamic range (noxious and non noxious). Third class is inter neutrons involved in excitatory and inhibitory Neurons.