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philosophy > self, death + afterlife > Flashcards

self, death + afterlife Flashcards

1
Q

What was Plato?

A

A dualist

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2
Q

What did Plato call the body in Phaedo (quote)?

A

“The body is a source of endless troubles”

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3
Q

What did Plato believe the Forms were?

A

Eternal, perfect, timeless + metaphysical

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4
Q

What did Aristotle believe?

A

The soul + body are separate

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5
Q

What does Aristotle say about the example of the eye?

A

Sight gives the eye its purpose
The soul gives the body its purpose

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6
Q

Why is Aristotle a monist?

A

The soul is expressed through the body, so how can they be separated? They’re locked together

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7
Q

What was Descartes?

A

Dualist

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8
Q

How did Descartes term the body?

A

Res extensa (extended thing)

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9
Q

How did Descartes term the soul/mind?

A

Res cognita (mental substance)

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10
Q

What do Descartes 3 proofs do?

A

To show the soul can exist wo the body

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11
Q

What are the 3 proof from Descartes?

A
  • Argument from Doubt
  • Argument from divisibility + non divisibility
  • Argument from clear + distinct perception
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12
Q

What did Descartes say in his argument from doubt?

A

‘Cogito ergo sum’ - I think therefore I am
I can doubt I have a body but I can’t doubt that I have a mind, bc then how would I be able to doubt?

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13
Q

Why might Descartes argument from doubt not work?

A

The body makes the brain function, making the mind function

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14
Q

What is Descartes’ argument from divisibility + non divisibility?

A
  • All bodies are extended in space + divisible
  • Minds aren’t divisible
  • Minds are therefore diff from body
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15
Q

What e.g. can we use for the argument from divisibility + non divisibility?

A

Cutting off a limb would remove 20% of the body, but 20% of the mind would remain

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16
Q

Why might Descartes’ argument from divisibility + non divisibility not work?

A

When the brain is damaged the mind can be damaged, so to an extend is ‘divided’

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17
Q

What is Descartes’ argument from clear + distinct perception?

A

If I can perceive myself as 2 diff kinds of things, its prob bc God created me as 2 diff kinds of things
God is perfect so he wouldn’t mislead me

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18
Q

Why might Descartes’ argument from clear + distinct perception not work?

A

He assumes God

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19
Q

Who devised the Ghost in the Machine analogy?

A

Gilbert Ryle

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20
Q

What does Gilbert Ryle say about the Ghost in the Machine?

A

The soul isn’t smth that can be pointed out
Just like how we can’t point out team spirit in a sports game

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21
Q

What did Ryle believe belief in a soul was? What is this?

A

A category error
A prob of lang when things are talked about as if they belong to 1 category when they acc belong to another

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22
Q

What does Hume say about soul substance? ( as argument against Descartes’ arg)

A

‘Soul substance’ solves nth bc claiming conscience comes from non-material is circular bc thought may have material explanation

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23
Q

What does Dawkins believe about the soul?

A

Hard materialist; there is o soul; we live on through memories + DNA

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24
Q

What does Dawkins say about death?

A

We don’t fear pre-birth or the feeling of being unborn; death is the same as being unborn

25
Q

What did Descartes suggest about the pineal gland?

A

The pineal gland was the point where the mind controlled the body

26
Q

Why doesn’t Descartes arg. about the pineal gland work?

A

Modern anatomy shows the gland is associated w production of melatonin which reg. sleep rhythm

27
Q

What does Physicalism mean?

A

There’s no body/soul relationship

28
Q

What does physicalism argue? Give example of the reductive philosophy?

A

Everything can be explained in terms of matter
Water reduces to H20
Mind reduces to brain

29
Q

What does physicalism seem to explain?

A

Old age sometimes leads to progressive brain damage
Intoxication causes surroundings to distort
Excitement leads to pulse increase

30
Q

What will physicalists believe about love?

A

Love is just a chemical reaction in the brain

31
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Physicalist theory

32
Q

What does functionalism argue?

A

The mind is seen as an information processing system; like a computer program

33
Q

What is an example of functionalism?

A

Heart pumps blood around body

34
Q

How can we use a thermostat to explain functionalism in the body?

A

Thermostat func. ~ keep alive/think
Input ~ blood/energy/signals
Output ~ breathing/thoughts etc

35
Q

What does Functionalism use instead of soul?

A

Mind

36
Q

What does the thermostat example show?

A

Output wouldn’t be possible if you were dead/in a coma; so the mind + body are connected

37
Q

What do functionalists think the mind is?

A

Mind = function of brain
Brain = part of body

38
Q

What is dual-aspect monism?

A

Monist - claims that there’s only one entity

39
Q

What is qualia?

A

Qualities of subj. experience
Smell of coffee, pain of paper cut

40
Q

What do dual aspect monists believe about qualia?

A

It can’t be. refused to a chemical process in the brain

41
Q

What comes under the possibility of psychological continuity after death?

A

Parfits Bundle theory
Dennett’s survival bc uploading brain info to a diff platform

42
Q

What does Parfit describe changes?

A

We’re psychologically + spatiotemporally connected w past + future states of existence BUT body, memory + personality changes

43
Q

Where does the bundle come into Parfits Bundle theory?

A

We’re a bundle of everything we’ve experienced, out ago, changes, memory, personality, illness

44
Q

What is continuity in the bundle theory?

A

Connection to our past selves but we’ll be diff
We would’ve had experiences in 1 hr that make us diff to who we were before that hr

45
Q

What does Parfitt say about death?

A

We don’t live on after death bc the physical body + brain die + a person’s mems + personality die w them

46
Q

How does Parfitt say we live on?

A

Through connectedness w children + friends but no deeper level of self remains

47
Q

What does Dennett say about survival by uploading brain onto a diff platform?

A

A human brains data can be stored + run on a diff platform, providing psychological continuity

48
Q

What theory is Dennetts theory?

A

Functionalism

49
Q

What did hick believe about humans?

A

Humans are a unity; when the body dies, the soul dies

50
Q

What is the first case of Hick’s replica theory?

A

A living person transported from one part of the world to another

51
Q

What is the second case of Hick’s replica theory?

A

A dead person in 1 part of the world + appearance of a ‘replica’ in another

52
Q

What is the third case of Hick’s replica theory?

A

A dead person on earth but appearance as a resurrected person in another sphere

53
Q

Which scholars + theories come under the possibility of the existence after death as a conscious self?

A

Plato - immortality of the soul
Price - disembodied souls
Swinburne - light bulb arg

54
Q

How did Price view the afterlife?

A

Mind based

55
Q

What did Price say about disembodied souls?

A

The afterlife could be dreamlike; souls communicate telepathically wo need for a body

56
Q

What did Swinburne say about mental states + soul states?

A

Soul is diff from brain
Whether embodied, or disembodied it can survive death + retain memories w the same identity, it just needs smth to replace the function performed by the brain on earth

57
Q

What are commonly occurring features of NDEs?

A

Out of body experience, tunnel toward bright life, meeting deceased loved ones, immense peace etc

58
Q

What are 2 points that show NDEs to be NOT useful evidence?

A
  • The individuals aren’t acc death
  • The brain experiences hallucinations due to medication or brains lack of oxygen etc
59
Q

What are 2 points that show NDEs to be useful evidence?

A
  • Ppl w no optic nerves have sometimes reported sighted NDEs
  • Transformation of lives afterwards

philosophy (9 decks)

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