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philosophy > evil + suffering > Flashcards

evil + suffering Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of natural evil?

A

Tsunamis, wild fires, diseases

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2
Q

What are examples of moral evil?

A

Murder, arson, genocide

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3
Q

What’s the logical problem of evil?

A
  • God is omnipotent
  • Got is omnibenevolent
  • Evil exists
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4
Q

What’s the first solution to denying 1 of the 3 statements?

A

Denying God’s omnipotence (Process Theology)

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5
Q

What’s the second solution to denying 1 of the 3 statements?

A

Denying God’s omnibenevolence

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6
Q

What’s the third solution to denying 1 of the 3 statements?

A

Denying that evil exists

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7
Q

What is the free will defence?

A

Argues that God has to allow evil in order to preserve free will
If God controlled evil, there’d be no freedom

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8
Q

What is John Hick’s eschatological solution?

A

In the end everyone reaches God’s Kingdom; evil is a necessary part of the process to become fit for heaven

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9
Q

What’s the evidential problem of evil?

A

There are known facts about evil that are evidence against God’s existence
- Evil is overwhelmingly in quantity + quality
- Evil is pointless; serves no purpose

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10
Q

What’s evidence of evil thats overwhelming in quantity + quality?

A

Mass genocides

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11
Q

What is an example of pointless, purposeless evil? Who gave this example?

A

Rowe’s example of a fawn suffering a slow, painful death in a forest; it dies alone wo anyones knowledge

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12
Q

What is the evidential problem + God’s omniscience?

A

God is omnipotent; God is omnibenevolent; God is omniscient; Evil exists

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13
Q

What would an omniscient being know?

A

They would know, at the point of creating the universe that both overwhelming + pointless evils would occur

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14
Q

Which scholar goes with first, second, third + fourth order good/evil?

A

John Mackie

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15
Q

What are first order good/evils?

A

The experience in life of happiness/misery + pleasure/pain
e.g. eating cake/breaking a limb

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16
Q

What are second order good/evils?

A

We can respond to suffering w compassion/cruelty

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17
Q

What does second order good do?

A

Maximise first order good + minimise first order evil

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18
Q

What does second order evil do?

A

Maximise first order evil + minimise first order good

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19
Q

What is third order good?

A

Free will allows ppl to choose bet 2 things
Pain + suffering helps us develop capacity for sympathy to morally grow

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20
Q

What is fourth order good?

A

God creates humans w free will, which teaches us to be morally responsible

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21
Q

What is Mackie’s rejection of the Free Will Defence?

A

It’s logically possible for a person to make free, good choices
God could’ve created humans so they would only make good, free choices
But God didn’t

22
Q

What does Mackie’s rejection of the FWD mean?

A

Either God lacks power
Or God isn’t loving enough to stop evil
Either way the FWD fails
Concl: God doesn’t exist

23
Q

Why did Mackie set out his example of the FWD?

A

In order to disprove it

24
Q

What are Plantinga’s 3 possible worlds?

A
  • The world as it is; evil + suffering w ‘morally sig free will’ no causal det. from God
  • The world wo ‘morally sig free will’ but God’s causal det. makes ppl choose good so no evil
  • Both ‘morally sig. free will’ + God’s causal set. to make ppl choose good
25
Q

What is Plantinga’s deduction of his 3 possible worlds?

A
  • The 1st is logically possible
  • The 2nd is logically possible BUT would make humans robots
  • The 3rd is logically possible; gen. free will is incompatible w causal det. so Mackie’s arg fails
26
Q

What is the response to Natural evil in terms of Plantinga’s defence?

A
  • Tied up w punishment for the Fall
  • Logically possible that God created or allowed natural evil bc of human sin in Eden
27
Q

What’s a strength of the FWD from Plantinga? What’s a counter to this?

A

Shows that FWD is logically possible in relation to both types of evil + Mackie’s suggestion isn’t
But this doesn’t mean its true

28
Q

What’s a strength of the FWD in terms of what is addresses?

A

FWD addresses the issue of natural evil bc nature has to be free in order to follow its laws of operation

29
Q

What’s a strength of the FWD?

A

A world w genuine free will has more value than one wo it where humans would be robots

30
Q

What does Augustine’s say about evil?

A
  • God created all good things
  • Evil isn’t good
  • Therefore god didn’t create evil; so evil is not a thing
  • Evil is just the absence of good
31
Q

What does Augustine say evil comes from?

A

All evil comes from humans, starting w Adam + Eve
This is the reason for infant baptism

32
Q

What does Augustine say happened when Adam + Eve disobeyed God?

A

They disrupted the harmony so even the natural world is corrupt

33
Q

What is the name of Augustine’s theodicy?

A

Soul-deciding theodicy

34
Q

Why is it called the soul-deciding theodicy?

A

If humans decide to do good then their soul will be saved

35
Q

What is the name of Hick’s theodicy?

A

Soul-making theodicy

36
Q

What does Hick say about what happened in Genesis 1 + what this means?

A

Humans are made in imago dei
We have God’s image, but not likeness (omnibenevolence, kindness etc)

37
Q

What does Hick say about what God gave us?

A

God gave us teaching + scriptures; but God was also so nice that he gave us evil so we can use scriptures to develop

38
Q

What does Hick say about free will?

A

Free will is necessary; we learn from mistakes + God must maintain an epistemic distance

39
Q

What does Hick say about moral + natural evil?

A

Moral evil is a result of free will
Natural evil is ‘God given opportunities’ to develop

40
Q

Who is the scholar for Process Theology?

A

Griffin

41
Q

What do process theologians believe about God?

A

God isn’t omnipotent or transcendent + God changes
God is ‘becoming’ rather than ‘being’ - we should treat God similar to humans

42
Q

What do process theologians say about the Bible?

A

The bible wasn’t the word of God but people expressing beliefs about him
E.g. one of the Gospels was written nearly 200 years after Jesus’ resurrection
Its not factual

43
Q

What due Process Theologians say about God’s creation? What bible quote is used as evidence?

A

God didn’t create the universe out of nothing; but he rearranged preexisting material
Genesis 1:1 “earth was without form”

44
Q

What may weakness 1 of Hicks Soul Making theodicy be?

A

Why’s there sm awful evil (evidential prob); evil doesn’t have to be so extensive to teach humans good

45
Q

What example from Mackie supports weakness 1 on Hicks Soul Making theodicy?

A

To teach a child the colour yellow, he only needs to show a small amount of yellow
To teach compassion, God only needs to make them experience a little bit

46
Q

What is weakness 2 of Hick’s soul making theodicy?

A

There’s no doctrinal evidence to support Hick’s belief that everyone gets to heaven
E.g. it doesn’t seem fair that Hitler would get to the same afterlife as Anne Frank

47
Q

What are 2 more weaknesses of Hick’s soul making theodicy?

A

Why should people who don’t care/believe in heaven have to suffer?
If we all reach God’s kingdom what’s the point in the journey?

48
Q

What are 2 strengths of Hick’s soul making theodicy?

A

Fits w current scientific thinking on evolution
Epistemic distance justifies all kinds of evil; the means are justified if the end is heaven

49
Q

What are 2 strengths of Hick’s process theodicy?

A
  • Fits w current scientific knowledge
  • Concept of God as a ‘fellow sufferer’ bc the entire universes sensory experience is ‘in’ him means those who suffer are assured that God understands
50
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Hick’s process theodicy?

A
  • Some theists claim we can’t be sure of the correct translation of Genesis 1:1

philosophy (9 decks)

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