Self and Identity

Question 1

me:

Answer 1

the self-as-know, constituted by material and social factors

Question 2

I:

Answer 2

the self-as-knower, and streams of consciousness where thoughts and emotions coexist simultaneously

Question 3

how are “me” and “I” related to each other?

Answer 3

dialectically, as the language is central between individual mind and social roles

Question 4

how did goffman expand on mead’s interactional self?

Answer 4

focused on the self as the performance of a social role, and people retain face work for smoother social interactions by “acting out lines”

Question 5

focus of the study of the self

Answer 5

the individual, and how people come to understand themselves

Question 6

focus of the study of identity

Answer 6

the social context of who people are in relation to others, roles, and groups

Question 7

explanations of traditional social psychology

Answer 7

we can understand who we are through how we interact with the world and observing our own behaviour

Question 8

what is the process of introspection?

Answer 8

looking inwards to scrutinise thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 9

self-awareness theory

Answer 9

comparing ourselves to internal standards can influence later behaviour

• negative state outcome- avoid thoughts that lead to internal self-awareness
• positive state outcome- self-focus can be pleasant

Question 10

lewis et al…

Answer 10

found people are more likely to behave prosocially after being made aware of themselves as prosocial objects

Question 11

self-perception theory

Answer 11

looking inwards can help to infer something about yourself, in ambiguous situations

can distinguish whether it is a preference or a response to the situation

Question 12

the proteus effect

Answer 12

use of avatars can affect perceptions, attitudes, and cause larger behavioural changes

Question 13

what do theories on introspection assume?

Answer 13

developed by the influence of ourselves, but also the influence of those around use

Question 14

festinger’s social comparison theory

Answer 14

we learn about ourselves through social comparisons which can validate thoughts and actions

Question 15

subsets of social comparison theory

Answer 15

downward comparison- make us feel better about ourselves

upward comparison- inspiration for the future

forced upward comparison can be harmful for self-esteem

Question 16

big fish small pond effect…

Answer 16

uses the application of social comparison theory as students form an academic self-concept

students at a high-achieving school have lower own estimations

Question 17

what did jansen find after investigating the effect of BFSP among influential peers?

Answer 17

class average achievement affected self-concept of academic skills

Question 18

social identity theory

Answer 18

identity is a consequence of the similarities/differences we have with others, providing the basis for social interaction in groups

Question 19

liao (2020) shows team participation experience…

Answer 19

positively related to team identification

Question 20

how can social identity influence health behaviour?

Answer 20

stronger group social identity led to higher perceptions of social support

causes a higher self-efficacy of engaging in health behaviours

Question 21

critical social explanations of the self consider…

Answer 21

performative identities, constructed self, the plural self, and the relational beingfi

Question 22

fixed-

Answer 22

the identity and self is predefined

Question 23

fluid-

Answer 23

the identity and self is formed through language, historical and cultural practices that question the natural order to conceptualising the self

Question 24

performative self- what did foucault (1979) believe?

Answer 24

identities are fluid and communicated in interactions with society/others

individuals can engage in power with exercise and restraint

Question 25

what did goffman consider?

Answer 25

the use of language in creating shared social knowledges

Question 26

dramaturgical theory

Answer 26

people communicate who they are based on shared social values and beliefs, to be viewed in the way they want

Question 27

dramaturgical theory- frontstage?

Answer 27

what you present through masks and prompts

Question 28

dramaturgical theory- backstage?

Answer 28

where public roles are shed, but still not necessarily a true self

Question 29

impression management

Answer 29

attempt to get others to see people in the way they want to be seen, by influencing the audience

Question 30

impression management- strategic self-presentation?

Answer 30

deliberate acts to change others perceptions

Question 31

impression management- expressive self-presentation?

Answer 31

seeking out validation through actions, usually to people we believe will hold a shared view

Question 32

where can impression management be seen?

Answer 32

during job interviews, by emphasising higher competence ratings to increase self-promotion

Question 33

deceptive impression management

Answer 33

lying in job interviews

interview anxiety increases alongside deceptive impression management

Question 34

criticism of goffman’s theory

Answer 34

• best when applied to total institutions
• overly impressionistic
• lacks rigour by focusing on small face-to-face groups

Question 35

how did gough (2013) consider the self as a construct?

Answer 35

the self is discrete from society, and socially constructed within different social relationships

Question 36

what are pluralistic models of the self?

Answer 36

the person is conceptualised as a multiplicity of subpersonalities and possibilities in-dialogue-with-others

Question 37

the relational being sees the self as…

Answer 37

constituted by multiple identities and social roles

• identities have their own geneses and expectations within different relationships
• language and the self are fluid, performative tools

Question 38

______ _________ is important in transitioning from HE to occupation-focused degrees

Answer 38

identity formation

Question 39

what is needed to reconcile between personal and professional self?

Answer 39

pre-professional socialisation

Question 40

what does forming a professional identity involve?

Answer 40

learning the soft, sociocultural practices of the group- how to be apart of their social world

• achieved through language and adoption of linguistic patterns