Intelligence Flashcards
how did sternberg define intelligence?
mental activity directed towards purposive adaptation
- reasoning, planning, and solving problems
spearman’s theory of intelligence
could be divided into (g) and (s)
(G)
general intelligence used to complete intellectual work
(S)
learnt general ability to perform individual tasks
what did thurstone (1938) divide intelligence into?
- perceptual speed
- inductive reasoning
- associative memory
- verbal comprehension
- word fluency
- number facility
- spatial visualisation
proposed the idea of positive manifold
what did cattell divide (g) into?
fluid and crystallised intelligence
fluid intelligence
biologically based hardware of intelligence
crystallised intelligence
outside factors, e.g., education, family, and environment
carroll’s three-stratum model
the three strata each represent narrow, broad, and general cognitive domains
gardener divided intelligence into seven categories…
- linguistics
- logical
- spatial
- musical
- kinaesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
split into analytical, creative, and practical domains
what do psychometric tests consist of?
standardised questions for participants to complete
- have predictive value
- useless until compared to norms
what are intelligence tests?
a form of psychometric testing to measure general ability
galton’s demand for intelligence tests
- must be quantifiable and measurable
- normal distribution
- correlation coefficients
binet-simon scale (1905)
commissioned by french gov. to identify failed progression in children
IQ equation
(mental age / chronological age) x 100
what does IQ measure?
verbal, visual, quantitative reasoning, and short-term memory
administering tests individually
clear instructions
time consuming
clinical/educational psych
administering tests in a group
cheaper and less skill#
large data collection
unsuitable for close supervision
what is the flynn effect?
recent increase in IQ scores (5-25 points between generations), specifically in non-verbal ability
sociobiological explanation of the flynn effect
- length of schooling (but crystallised intelligence should also be improving)
- child-rearing practices
- more intelligence
- visual and technical environment
- test-taking sophistication
- nutrition and health care improvements
what tasks do men perform better at?
spatial ability tasks, transformations in working memory, and motor tasks
what tasks do women perform better at?
speech production, perceptual speed, reading, access to information in the LTM
biological explanations for sex differences in intelligence
- lateralisation in the right side of male brains vs. both halves for women
- women have more white matter (transmission) and fewer grey matter (processing) areas related to IQ
environmental explanations for sex differences in intelligence
- gender stereotypes
- schemas
- outside education
- within education
evidence that intelligence is highly heritable
- 50%-70% of variation in g is caused by genetics, seen in twin and adoption studies
the dark side of intelligence testing
- roots are tied to eugenics, e.g., Galton encouraged genetic determinism
what has research assumed about intelligence and race?
white europeans were the most intelligent race
different agendas to studying race and intelligence
- right-wing academia and race realism
- impact on mainstream science
how do intelligence tests fail to account for culture?
intelligence is culturally bound; the US has no universal concept and african populations centre intelligence around relations
what is the Volvo effect?
higher SES backgrounds attain higher marks, and IQ tests discriminate against lower SES
how can intelligence labelling influence future academic success?
e.g., the halo effect
why were grammar schools criticised?
for reinforcing class division and segregation within education
what do grammar school selections test for?
- numerical reasoning
- verbal reasoning
- english comprehension
- non-verbal reasoning
- creative writing
