Self Flashcards
(25 cards)
self-perception theory
uses our own behaviour as a basis for inference
social comparison theory
use others to evaluate our own traits, abilities, personal characteristics
actor-observer differences in attribution
tend to see personality as cause of others’ behaviours. Situation as cause of one’s own
Reasons for actor-observer differences
salience or accessibility
different causal alternatives considered
cite beliefs, goals more for self, causal antecedents for others
self-knowledge
organized in terms of self-aspects, different roles, activities, and relationships
Self-esteem
indicate how i am doing in terms of successes and social acceptance or failures and social rejection
self-enhancing biases
people have a tendency to inflate their abilities and accomplishments (valuing me and mine)
we usually seek out downward comparisons
self-expression
actions publicly demonstrate our self-concept
self-presentation
actions shape others’ impressions of us in positive ways
self-monitoring
a stable individual difference in people’s relative balance between self-expression and self-presentation
low self-monitor
act as they truly see themselves
high self-monitor
act as the situation calls for
self-discrepancy theory
actual-self (perceptions of who we are) ideal self (how we ideally want to be) ought self (how we should be)
regulatory focus theory
people may have a promotion focus (self-regulation is guided primarily by the ideal self)
or they may have a prevention focus in which self-regulation is guided primarily by the ought self.
“depressive attributional style”
explaining negative events as due to one’s own negative, stable and general characteristics
coping strategies
cognitive or behavioural efforts to reduce the negative consequences of threats or stressors
emotion-focused coping
try to deal with emotional response to threat, not with the threat itself
examples of comping strategies
escape from threatening situation (physical avoidance, distraction)
downplay threat by affirming positives (reaffirm positive characteristics and cultural values)
self-expression. (“sing the blues”, putting negative events into words)
gender differences: women “tend and befriend”
problem-focused coping
change the event or reinterpret it as non-threatening
make excuses
self- handicapping
self-efficacy
people’s confidence that they can achieve their goals. Leads people to believe they have more control over their outcomes
Counterfactual thinking
imagine how one could behave differently, and perhaps achieve better outcomes in the future.
high self-esteem
enables self-enhancement, self-affirmation, and tackling problems head-on
valuing me and mine
self-enhancing biases shape the self-concept and elevate self-esteem
conservastism
once formed, the self-concept is resistent to change and well defended against threat
