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Block 5 Week 6 Dani > Selected Topics - Von B > Flashcards

Selected Topics - Von B Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of neuromodulatory systems?

A

noradrenergic (locus coeruleus)
cholinergic (basal forebrain)
serotonergic (brainstem)

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2
Q

What is the locus coeruleus?

A

a nuclei in the pons involved in stress and panic

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3
Q

Where do the projections of the locus coeruleus go?

A

forebrain and brainstem

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4
Q

What does the locus coeruleus do?

A

puts the forebrain in the corrects state to ready it for collection and processing of info.

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5
Q

The LC processes (relevant/all) sensory information

A

relevant!

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6
Q

LC is involved in experience (dependent/independent) alteration in neural function and behavior.

A

depedent

makes the brain ready for what you are experiencing

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7
Q

(blank) supports navigation through a complex world.

A

locus coeruleus

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8
Q

What kind of sucks about the LC?

A

it contributes to cognitive issues or arousal dysfunctions associated with a variety of psych disorders

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9
Q

What are some disorders that the LC may make cognitive issues or arousal dysfunctions?

A

ADHD, sleep and arousal disorders, affective disorders, PTSD

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10
Q

T/F LC is used as a pharmacological target for treatment of ADHD, sleep arousal disorders, affective disorders and PTSD

A

T

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11
Q

What is the source of noradrenergic signaling?

A

locus coeruleus

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12
Q

What is the source of cholinergic signaling?

A

basal forebrain

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13
Q

What is the source of serotonergic signaling?

A

brainstem

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the BBB?

A

to make a stable environment for neurons
exclude toxic substances/removal of brain metabolites
protect neurons from circulating neurotransmitters

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15
Q

What does a brain capillary have that a general capillary does not?

A

basement membrane, astroglial process, pericytes, tight junctions, mitochondrias

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16
Q

The BBB requires (blank) signals

A

brain-derived (astrocytes)

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17
Q

Neurons exposed to the environment without a BBB last how long?

A

6 weeks

i.e taste and smell

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18
Q

general capillaries are (leaky/tight)

A

leaky

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19
Q

Brain capillaries are (leaky/tight)

A

tight

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20
Q

Do the endothelial cells or the astrocytes play the greatest role in signaling changes in the permeability of the blood brain barrier?

A

endothelial cells

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21
Q

Do the junctions of adjacent endothelial cells in brain capillaries touch or overlap?

A

overlap

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22
Q

How do we transport through the BBB?

A

if lipid soluble-> diffusion
if not-> receptor-mediated transport
ion channels

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23
Q

Can you move amino acids across the BBB?

A

yes

24
Q

What converts L-DOPA into Dopamine?

A

endothelial cells

25
Q

What are the ways you can get facilitated diffusion across the blood brain barrier?

A

L system

Glut1

26
Q

What are the ways you can get active transport across the blood brain barrier?

A 
Na/K ATPase
A system (sodium glycine symporter
27
Q

T/F you can move entire cells through the arachnoid granulations

A

T

28
Q

What molecules flow into the ventricles?

A

Cl

K

29
Q

T/ F an entire cell can pass through an arachnoid granulation

A

T

30
Q

How is CSF absorbed?

A

via bulk flow through arachnoid granulations

31
Q

What are the bulk flow methods for which CSF is absorbed?

A

vacuole transport, pinocytosis

32
Q

What are the cells that act valves for one way flow of CSF?

A

arachnoid cells

33
Q

T/F there is a barrier between the brain parenchyma and the CSF

A

F

34
Q

T/F there is a barrier between venous blood, arterial blood, and CSF

A

T

35
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

organs in the brain that do not have a BBB

36
Q

What are the circumventricular organs?

A

pineal gland, subcommisure organ, area postrema, neurohypophysis, median eminence, organ vasculosum

37
Q

The circumventricular organs (aka organs without BBB) serve what purpose?

A

endocrine or sensory (sense whats going on in blood stream)

38
Q

What is considered the “vomit center” because it detects noxious or toxic stimuli in the blood stream?

A

area postrema

39
Q

Since you have leaky blood vessels within the circumventricular organs, why doesnt it freely diffuse to other parts of the brain?

A

because the area is closed off by tanycytes

40
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

is a part of the hypothalamus from which regulatory hormones are released. It is of great physiological importance, as it is integral to the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland.

41
Q

What is the median eminence and neurohypophysis leaky instead of having a bbb?

A

so we can get the hormones from the hypothalamus to the rest of the body

42
Q

What is the lymphatic system and mechanical cushion for the brain?

A

CSF

43
Q

What are the homeostatic functions of the CSF?

A

pH of CSF
pulmonary ventilation
cerebral blood flow

44
Q

Which has more protein, serum or CSF?

A

SERUM BY THOUSANDS of mg/dL

45
Q

Which has a greater osmolarity CSF or serum?

A

they are equal at 295

46
Q

Should you have WBC in CSF?

Should you have RBC in CSF?

A

very few

NO

47
Q

What is the total CSF volume?

A

140 ml

48
Q

What is the total CSF production per day?

A

about 500 ml

49
Q

What do brain tumors do to the BBB?

A

it disintegrates it (maybe due to messed up astrocytes)

i.e vasogenic edema

50
Q

What can bacterial meningitis cause?

A

damaged BBB due to inflammation

51
Q

What is the one good thing about bacterial meningitis?

A

since it makes your BBB leaky, antibiotics can get in there and do their work

52
Q

damaged brain areas are a target for (blank)

A

stem cells

53
Q

When do you want to do a lumbar puncture?

A

obtain pressure measurements and samples of CSF for measurement
admin spinal anesthetics or reduce CSF pressure
inject radiopaque substance (myelography) or radioactive agent

54
Q

do stem cells help Cerebral palsy?

A

no, there are some animal studies that show acute CP can be helped a little but definitely not chronic, which is the only kind humans have
Also there are bad SE in 5%: encephalopathy, viral infection, tumor AND you need immunosuppressants

55
Q

What are the possible mechanisms of stem cells and CP?

A 
Neuronal cell replacement
Glial cell replacement 
Blood vessel regeneration
Protection of already existing cells (stimulation of growth factor expression)
Blockade of inflammatory cells
(not really proven)
56
Q

What are the current stem cell trials being used?

A

umbilical cord stem cell with intravenous and intrathecal

not really proven

57
Q

Do stem cells and hyperbaric oxygen work to fix CP?

A

no, just wishful thinking

Block 5 Week 6 Dani (9 decks)

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