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D&T2 Exam 2 > Seizures- Ferguson > Flashcards

Seizures- Ferguson Flashcards

1
Q

what age group has a higher incidence of epilepsy

A

young children

elderly

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2
Q

what gender does epilepsy present in more

A

male

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3
Q

what is an epileptic seizure

A

temporary physiologic dysfunction of the brain caused by a self-limited, abnormal synchronous electrical discharge of cortical neurons

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4
Q

the particular manifestations of any single seizure depend on what 4 things

A
  1. whether most or only part of the cerebral cortex is involved at the beginning
  2. functions of the cortical areas where the seizure originates
  3. subsequent pattern of spread of the electrical ictal discharge within the brain
  4. extent to which subcortical and brain stem structures are engaged
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5
Q

define seizure

A

transient epileptic event

symptom of disturbed brain function

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6
Q

what makes a seizure not an epilespy

A

no underlying disorder

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7
Q

define epilepsy

A

chronic disorder

recurrence of seizures that are typically 2 unprovoked at LEAST 24 HOURS APART

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8
Q

what are 2 types of seizures? define them

A

partial or focal seizures: onset limited to a part of the cerebral hemisphere
generalized seizure: involve the brain diffusely from the beginning

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9
Q

what is the second physiological principle of seizures according to the International League Against Epilepsy

A

dynamic and evolving

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10
Q

what is the partial seizures subdivision based upon? what are the divisions?

A

consciousness
simple partial: perserved
complex partial: altered

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11
Q

simple partial seizures can evolve into what

A

complex partial seizures and

generalized seizures

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12
Q

what is the subdivsion of generalized seizures

A

presence or absence of focal onset

character of ictal motor manifestations

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13
Q

How do simple partial seizures spread

A

they don’t

epileptogenic focus: limited to an area of cortex

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14
Q

can simple partial seizure patients interact with their surroundings and interact with others

A

yes

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15
Q

what does the patient experience with simple partial seizures

A

auras

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16
Q

how does brain charge spread in complex partial seizures? what areas are at least infected

A

bilateral spread of seizure discharge

basal forebrain and limbic areas

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17
Q

what are clinical manifestations of complex partial seziures

A

automatisms: lip smaking, repeated swallowing

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18
Q

where do most complex partial seizures arise from? the rest arise from where

A

temporal lobe

rest come from: frontal and occipital lobes

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19
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are characterized by what

A

abrupt loss of consciousness with bilateral tonic extension of the trunk and limbs (tonic phase)

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20
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are accompanied by what clinical manifestations

A 
loud vocalization (epileptic cry)  followed by
synchronous muscle jerking (clonic phase)
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21
Q

clincally postictally, how do patients present with Generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A

briefly unarousable,
lethargic
confused
prefer sleeping

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22
Q

Absence (petit mal) seizures

A

momentary lapses in awareness that are accompanied by motionless starring and arrest of ongoing activity

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23
Q

longer attacks of absence (petit mal) seizures may have what clinical symptoms

A

jerks of eyelid for facial muscle

variable loss of muscle tone and automatism

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24
Q

when is the term atypical absence seizure used?

A

when an absence seizure has blurred beginning and end or if tonic and autonomic components are uncluded

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25
Q

atypical absence seizure are seen in what patients

A 
children with epilepsy 
epileptic encephalopathies ( Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)
26
Q

what characterizes Myoclonic seizures

A

rapid, brief muscle jerks bilaterally, synchronously, or asynchronously or unilaterally

27
Q

what are atonic (astatic) seizures also called

A

drop attacks

28
Q

what characterizes atonic seizures

A

sudden loss of muscle tone,

may be fragmentary ( head drops) or generalized (resulting in full body fall)

29
Q

what can a neonatal seizure indicate in a baby

A

injury to developing brian

30
Q

what are the classifications of neonatal seizures

A

subtle
clonic
tonic
myoclonic

31
Q

Symptomatic cases of West Syndrome have what serious etiologies

A 
cerebral dysgenesis
tuberous sclerosis 
phenylketonuria
intrauterine infections
hypoxic-ischemic injury
32
Q

what characterizes a West Syndrome

A

sudden flexor or extensor spasms that involve the head, trunk, and limb simultaneously

33
Q

when do West syndrome attacks usually begin

A

6 months of age

34
Q

what does the EEG show for West Syndrome

A

hypsarrthymia

35
Q

another name for West Syndrome

A

infantile syndrome

36
Q

when trying to treat infantile syndrome what are they resistant to

A

traditional anti-epileptic drugs

37
Q

what can treat infantile syndrome

A

ACTH

expensive

38
Q

Childhood absence epilepsy

A

recurrent absence seizures

39
Q

age group for childhood absence epilespy

A

4-10

40
Q

what is the typical EEG pattern for childhood absence epilepsy

A

3Hz Spike and Wave

41
Q

WHAT IS THE TREATMENT CHOICE FOR Childhood Absence Epilepsy

A

Ethosuximide

42
Q

how are the children when they have childhood Absence Epilepsy

A

normally intellectually and neurologically

43
Q

what characterizes Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

A

mental retardation
uncontrolled Seizures
characteristic EEG pattern

44
Q

what is a surgery intervention for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

A

vagal nerve stimulation

45
Q

when do Lennox-Gastaut syndrome usually begin

A

by age 4

46
Q

what are febrile seizures

A

generalized convulsions which occur with fever

47
Q

what is the characteristic of the fever that occurs in febrile seizures

A

how rapidly the fever rises not how high the temperature gets

48
Q

what are 3 rules about febrile seizure

A
  • 1/3 will have more than 1 episode
  • risk for developing epilepsy is same for general population
  • no imaging or treatment required
49
Q

how are Benign Focal Epilepsy of Childhood variable

A

daytime: speech arrest, paresthesia of tongue
nighttime: appears as global tonic clonic activity

50
Q

what is the onset of Benign Focal Epilepsy of Childhood variable

A

between 4-13 years who are otherwise NORMAL

51
Q

how do you treat Benign Focal Epilepsy of Childhood

A

Carbamazepine

52
Q

what is the prognosis of Benign Focal Epilepsy of Childhood

A

good, seizures disappear by mid to late adolescence

53
Q

what is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

A

myoclonic jerks, usually in morning

54
Q

what is the age onset for Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

A

8-20

usually have family history of epilepsy

55
Q

what is the drug to treat Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

A

Valporic acid

56
Q

what treatment makes Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy worse

A

Carbamazepine

57
Q

what is the most common epilepsy syndrome in adults? location

A

mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

hippocampus

58
Q

temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with what clinical symptoms

A

auras with complex partial seizures

59
Q

what are clinical manifestations of Frontal lobe Epilepsy

A

dancing, singing

60
Q

what are the EEG changes of Frontal lobe Epilepsy

A

none, minimal

61
Q

why do non-epileptic spells ocur

A

a stress response

D&T2 Exam 2 (14 decks)

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