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D&T2 Exam 2 > Ophthalmology REVIEW > Flashcards

Ophthalmology REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries of anterior chamber

A

between outer iris and inner cornea

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2
Q

boundaries of posterior chamber

A

between lens and iris

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3
Q

what area is the ciliary body found and its function

A

posterior chamber

aqueous fluid

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4
Q

the anterior chamber and posterior chamber make up what

A

anterior segment

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5
Q

where is the trabecular meshwork found and function

A
  • cornea meets sclera

- drains aqueous fluid

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6
Q

what is the clear part in front of the eye

A

cornea

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7
Q

what part of the eye is responsible for the majority of the refraction

A

cornea and tear films

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8
Q

what does the sclera not have

A

vasculature and fibroblasts, poor ability to heal itself

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9
Q

what is the limbus

A

area of transition from clear corneas to opaque sclera

semi-opaque

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10
Q

what are the three parts of the conjuctiva

A

bulbar ( globe/eye)
Palperbral ( inner eye)
Forniceal ( folding/pouch)

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11
Q

what provides the bulk of the refractive power in addition to the curvature of the cornea.

A

tear film

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12
Q

can dry eyes effect visions ( tear film)

A

Yes

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13
Q

what do goblet cells secrete? location in conjunctival

A

mucous

forncies

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14
Q

what to larcrimal secrete? location in conjunctival

A

aqueous

fornicies

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15
Q

what are the 3 layers of the tear film? function of each layer

A

lipid layer - prevent evaporation
water layer - bulk
mucin layer- glue to hold aqueous layer against cornea

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16
Q

where does the lipid layer come from

A

Meibomian gland ( and glands of Zeis and Moll)

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17
Q

where does the water layer come from

A

Lacrimal gland

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18
Q

where does the mucin layer come from

A

globlet cells

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19
Q

Is angle closure acute glaucoma an emergency

A

yes, immediate referral to an ophthalmologist

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20
Q

what is the clinical hallmark of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

nausea

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21
Q

what are 5 risk factors for acute angle closure glaucoma

A
  1. narrow anterior chamber angle (cornea close to iris)
  2. Hyperopia ( eyeball short)
  3. Pharmacologic dilation of pupil–> iris bunches up and blocks trabecular meshworks
  4. older age
  5. some asian population
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22
Q

what are 3 symptoms for acute angle closure glaucoma

A
  1. ocular pain
  2. ocular redness
  3. blurred vision, halos, nausea
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23
Q

what does the ciliary body produce

A

aqueous fluid

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24
Q

where does the aqueous fluid travel

A
  • from posterior chamber
  • through pupil and iris
  • into anterior chamber
  • into trabecular meshwork
  • Schlemn’s canal
  • Episcleral vein
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25
Q

the 3 sensory layers of the retina come from what embryological thing

A

Diencephalon

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26
Q

what are the three sensory layers of the reitna

A

ganglion
bipolar
photoreceptor (rods and cones )

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27
Q

what is the outermost layer of the reitna

A

Retinal pigment epithelial cell layer (RPE)

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28
Q

what is the role of the retinal pigment epithelial cell layer

A
  1. absorbs light

2. reduces scattering of light to increase visual acuity

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29
Q

what is the choroid

A

vascular layer

provide oxygen and nourishment to outer layer of reinta

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30
Q

what is the uveal tract

A

choroid joining with ciliary body and iris

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31
Q

what is the innermost layer of the choroid called

A

Bruch’s membrane

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32
Q

what is blood supply to the eye in fetus

A

hyaloid artery

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33
Q

what is the origin of the hyaloid artery

A

optic nerve through vitreous to lens and iris into anterior chamber

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34
Q

what do they Hyaloid artery gets reabsorbed

A

34 weeks gestation

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35
Q

what is the “early warning system”

A

eye lashes

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36
Q

what do the eyelashes cause to do

A

lids to close reflexively

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37
Q

what kind of gland is the lacrimal gland? location?

A

eccrine gland

superiolateral orbit

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38
Q

what divides the lacrimal gland? into what?

A

levator tendon: orbital lobe and palpebral lobe

39
Q

what does the lacrimal gland produce

A

aqueous layer of the tear film

40
Q

Iritis is inflammation of what

A

uveal tract ( iris/ciliarybody)

41
Q

what are key symptoms for Iritis

A

unilateal
PHOTOPHOBIA
ciliary flush
dilated vessels, very red

42
Q

what does bacterial conjunctivitis create? what eye does it show up in

A

mucopurulent discharge
asymmetric at onset
bilateral

43
Q

what does viral conjunctivitis reach the eye

A

lymph nodes

adenovirus

44
Q

what are 3 signs for allergic conjunctivitis

A

bilateral
itching
rhinitis

45
Q

when does neonatal chlamydial conjunctivits present

A

5-19 days after birth

46
Q

when does Gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis present

A

between 1-3 days after birth

47
Q

how do you treat neonatal chlamydial conjunctivits

A

oral erythromycin

48
Q

how would you treatGonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis

A

systemic penicillin

49
Q

what part of the thyroid eye disease impact the eye

A

IgG

50
Q

what do the IgG attack in thyroid eye disease

A

hypertrophy of Extraocular muscles caused by increase of glycosaminoglycans

51
Q

if someone has IgG red eye is always going to be thyroid disfunction

A

no

52
Q

Dacrocystitis

A

infection of the lacrimal sac

53
Q

Dacrocystitis forms secondary to what

A

nasolacrimal duct obstruction

54
Q

what is the treatment for Dacrocystitis

A

oral broad spectrum Abx
warm compresses
incision and drainage if medical therapy does not work

55
Q

what is a chalazion

A

chronic lipogranulomatous inflammatory lesion

caused by blockage of Meibomian gland and stagnation of secretions

56
Q

Hordeolum

A

small abscess caused by an acute staph infection of either Meibomian glands (internal) or a lash follicle ( external)

57
Q

what is dry eye from aqueous tear deficieny

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

58
Q

what is a primary cause of keratoconjuctivitis sicca? this processes explains what

A

atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal tissue as a result of destructive infiltration by mononuclear cells
- why dry eye responds to immune modulators like cyclosporine

59
Q

Bell’s Palsy involves what nerve and what muscle which results in what

A

7th cranial nerve
orbicularis occuli
Lagopthalmos: damage of corneal epithelium and decreased vision

60
Q

Lagopthalmos

A

can’t close eyes completely

61
Q

triangular sheet of fibrovascular tissue which grows over the cornea

A

Pterygium

62
Q

what is the first thing you do with a chemical injury

A

copious irrigation

63
Q

why does infoliation occur

A

lens is completely encapsulated by basement membrane
can’t slough off
- old epithelium and proteins within the lens capsule accumulate over time and the lens increases in size with age as a result
-presbyopia
- cataracts

64
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity of lens- loss of accommodative ability and near vision

65
Q

what are the 3 clinical symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A

unilateral ptosis 2mm
miosis
anhydrosis

66
Q

what muscle gets impacted with Horner’s syndrome

A

Mueller muscle,

oculosympathetic input

67
Q

third nerve palsy

A
  1. ptosis from levator m
  2. strabismus
    3 ocular misalignment because of extraocular muscles innervation CN3
68
Q

what is the difference between pupil involved and pupil not involved for third nerve palsy

A

pupil not involved: vasculopathic, not urgent

pupil involved: compressive, urgent

69
Q

pupil involved third nerve palsy most common cause

A

aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis

70
Q

Innervation of lateral rectus

A

6

71
Q

Innervation of medial rectus

A

3

72
Q

Innervation of superior rectus

A

3

73
Q

Innervation of inferior rectus

A

3

74
Q

Innervation of superior oblique

A

4, goes through trochlear

75
Q

Innervation of inferior oblique

A

3

76
Q

someone has pituitary adenoma on optic tract, field of vision

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

77
Q

someone have lesion in optic tract

A

homonymous hemianopsia

78
Q

what causes non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

caused by microvascular occlusion and leakage

79
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

proliferation of abnormal blood vessels as a response to chronic ischemia VEGF

80
Q

non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: capillary changes

A

-thickening of the basement membrane
endothelial cell damage
deformation of the red blood cells
changes in platelets that lead to increased aggregation

81
Q

what is lost in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

pericytes : liquids leak from the capillaries and leads to edema, dot and blot hemorrhages and hard exudate

82
Q

retinal artery occulsion caused by?

A

thromboembolic occlusion of central retinal artery

83
Q

clinical presentation of retinal artery occulsion

A

severe rapid vision loss, ischemic changes

84
Q

retinal vein occlusoin caused by

A

compression of retinal vein by retinal artery at area of crossing

85
Q

what can cause retinal vein occulsion

A

elevated blood pressure

86
Q

what can cause retinal artery occulsion

A

chronic disease buildup of plaques that she emboli

87
Q

what is Leukocoria

A

eye with white reflex instead of red reflex

88
Q

a child with leukocoria must ib investigated for what

A

retinoblastoma

89
Q

what are symptoms for giant cell arteritis

A

weight loss
scalp tenderness
jaw claudication

90
Q

how do you diagnose giant cell arteritis

A

temporally artery biopsy

91
Q

mypoia

A

near sighted

axial length is too long for refractive power

92
Q

Hyperopia

A

far sighted

axial length is too short for refractive power

93
Q

Astigmatism

A

refractive power of the eye is greater along one meridian than it is 90 degrees away

94
Q

Emmetropic eye

A

power this is spherical

D&T2 Exam 2 (14 decks)

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