Ophthalmology REVIEW Flashcards
1
Q
boundaries of anterior chamber
A
between outer iris and inner cornea
2
Q
boundaries of posterior chamber
A
between lens and iris
3
Q
what area is the ciliary body found and its function
A
posterior chamber
aqueous fluid
4
Q
the anterior chamber and posterior chamber make up what
A
anterior segment
5
Q
where is the trabecular meshwork found and function
A
- cornea meets sclera
- drains aqueous fluid
6
Q
what is the clear part in front of the eye
A
cornea
7
Q
what part of the eye is responsible for the majority of the refraction
A
cornea and tear films
8
Q
what does the sclera not have
A
vasculature and fibroblasts, poor ability to heal itself
9
Q
what is the limbus
A
area of transition from clear corneas to opaque sclera
semi-opaque
10
Q
what are the three parts of the conjuctiva
A
bulbar ( globe/eye)
Palperbral ( inner eye)
Forniceal ( folding/pouch)
11
Q
what provides the bulk of the refractive power in addition to the curvature of the cornea.
A
tear film
12
Q
can dry eyes effect visions ( tear film)
A
Yes
13
Q
what do goblet cells secrete? location in conjunctival
A
mucous
forncies
14
Q
what to larcrimal secrete? location in conjunctival
A
aqueous
fornicies
15
Q
what are the 3 layers of the tear film? function of each layer
A
lipid layer - prevent evaporation
water layer - bulk
mucin layer- glue to hold aqueous layer against cornea
16
Q
where does the lipid layer come from
A
Meibomian gland ( and glands of Zeis and Moll)
17
Q
where does the water layer come from
A
Lacrimal gland
18
Q
where does the mucin layer come from
A
globlet cells
19
Q
Is angle closure acute glaucoma an emergency
A
yes, immediate referral to an ophthalmologist
20
Q
what is the clinical hallmark of acute angle closure glaucoma
A
nausea
21
Q
what are 5 risk factors for acute angle closure glaucoma
A
- narrow anterior chamber angle (cornea close to iris)
- Hyperopia ( eyeball short)
- Pharmacologic dilation of pupil–> iris bunches up and blocks trabecular meshworks
- older age
- some asian population
22
Q
what are 3 symptoms for acute angle closure glaucoma
A
- ocular pain
- ocular redness
- blurred vision, halos, nausea
23
Q
what does the ciliary body produce
A
aqueous fluid
24
Q
where does the aqueous fluid travel
A
- from posterior chamber
- through pupil and iris
- into anterior chamber
- into trabecular meshwork
- Schlemn’s canal
- Episcleral vein
25
the 3 sensory layers of the retina come from what embryological thing
Diencephalon
26
what are the three sensory layers of the reitna
ganglion
bipolar
photoreceptor (rods and cones )
27
what is the outermost layer of the reitna
Retinal pigment epithelial cell layer (RPE)
28
what is the role of the retinal pigment epithelial cell layer
1. absorbs light
| 2. reduces scattering of light to increase visual acuity
29
what is the choroid
vascular layer
| provide oxygen and nourishment to outer layer of reinta
30
what is the uveal tract
choroid joining with ciliary body and iris
31
what is the innermost layer of the choroid called
Bruch's membrane
32
what is blood supply to the eye in fetus
hyaloid artery
33
what is the origin of the hyaloid artery
optic nerve through vitreous to lens and iris into anterior chamber
34
what do they Hyaloid artery gets reabsorbed
34 weeks gestation
35
what is the "early warning system"
eye lashes
36
what do the eyelashes cause to do
lids to close reflexively
37
what kind of gland is the lacrimal gland? location?
eccrine gland
| superiolateral orbit
38
what divides the lacrimal gland? into what?
levator tendon: orbital lobe and palpebral lobe
39
what does the lacrimal gland produce
aqueous layer of the tear film
40
Iritis is inflammation of what
uveal tract ( iris/ciliarybody)
41
what are key symptoms for Iritis
unilateal
PHOTOPHOBIA
ciliary flush
dilated vessels, very red
42
what does bacterial conjunctivitis create? what eye does it show up in
mucopurulent discharge
asymmetric at onset
bilateral
43
what does viral conjunctivitis reach the eye
lymph nodes
| adenovirus
44
what are 3 signs for allergic conjunctivitis
bilateral
itching
rhinitis
45
when does neonatal chlamydial conjunctivits present
5-19 days after birth
46
when does Gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis present
between 1-3 days after birth
47
how do you treat neonatal chlamydial conjunctivits
oral erythromycin
48
how would you treatGonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis
systemic penicillin
49
what part of the thyroid eye disease impact the eye
IgG
50
what do the IgG attack in thyroid eye disease
hypertrophy of Extraocular muscles caused by increase of glycosaminoglycans
51
if someone has IgG red eye is always going to be thyroid disfunction
no
52
Dacrocystitis
infection of the lacrimal sac
53
Dacrocystitis forms secondary to what
nasolacrimal duct obstruction
54
what is the treatment for Dacrocystitis
oral broad spectrum Abx
warm compresses
incision and drainage if medical therapy does not work
55
what is a chalazion
chronic lipogranulomatous inflammatory lesion
| caused by blockage of Meibomian gland and stagnation of secretions
56
Hordeolum
small abscess caused by an acute staph infection of either Meibomian glands (internal) or a lash follicle ( external)
57
what is dry eye from aqueous tear deficieny
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
58
what is a primary cause of keratoconjuctivitis sicca? this processes explains what
atrophy and fibrosis of lacrimal tissue as a result of destructive infiltration by mononuclear cells
- why dry eye responds to immune modulators like cyclosporine
59
Bell's Palsy involves what nerve and what muscle which results in what
7th cranial nerve
orbicularis occuli
Lagopthalmos: damage of corneal epithelium and decreased vision
60
Lagopthalmos
can't close eyes completely
61
triangular sheet of fibrovascular tissue which grows over the cornea
Pterygium
62
what is the first thing you do with a chemical injury
copious irrigation
63
why does infoliation occur
lens is completely encapsulated by basement membrane
can't slough off
- old epithelium and proteins within the lens capsule accumulate over time and the lens increases in size with age as a result
-presbyopia
- cataracts
64
presbyopia
loss of elasticity of lens- loss of accommodative ability and near vision
65
what are the 3 clinical symptoms of Horner's syndrome
unilateral ptosis 2mm
miosis
anhydrosis
66
what muscle gets impacted with Horner's syndrome
Mueller muscle,
| oculosympathetic input
67
third nerve palsy
1. ptosis from levator m
2. strabismus
3 ocular misalignment because of extraocular muscles innervation CN3
68
what is the difference between pupil involved and pupil not involved for third nerve palsy
pupil not involved: vasculopathic, not urgent
| pupil involved: compressive, urgent
69
pupil involved third nerve palsy most common cause
aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis
70
Innervation of lateral rectus
6
71
Innervation of medial rectus
3
72
Innervation of superior rectus
3
73
Innervation of inferior rectus
3
74
Innervation of superior oblique
4, goes through trochlear
75
Innervation of inferior oblique
3
76
someone has pituitary adenoma on optic tract, field of vision
bitemporal hemianopsia
77
someone have lesion in optic tract
homonymous hemianopsia
78
what causes non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
caused by microvascular occlusion and leakage
79
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
proliferation of abnormal blood vessels as a response to chronic ischemia VEGF
80
non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: capillary changes
-thickening of the basement membrane
endothelial cell damage
deformation of the red blood cells
changes in platelets that lead to increased aggregation
81
what is lost in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
pericytes : liquids leak from the capillaries and leads to edema, dot and blot hemorrhages and hard exudate
82
retinal artery occulsion caused by?
thromboembolic occlusion of central retinal artery
83
clinical presentation of retinal artery occulsion
severe rapid vision loss, ischemic changes
84
retinal vein occlusoin caused by
compression of retinal vein by retinal artery at area of crossing
85
what can cause retinal vein occulsion
elevated blood pressure
86
what can cause retinal artery occulsion
chronic disease buildup of plaques that she emboli
87
what is Leukocoria
eye with white reflex instead of red reflex
88
a child with leukocoria must ib investigated for what
retinoblastoma
89
what are symptoms for giant cell arteritis
weight loss
scalp tenderness
jaw claudication
90
how do you diagnose giant cell arteritis
temporally artery biopsy
91
mypoia
near sighted
| axial length is too long for refractive power
92
Hyperopia
far sighted
| axial length is too short for refractive power
93
Astigmatism
refractive power of the eye is greater along one meridian than it is 90 degrees away
94
Emmetropic eye
power this is spherical
