Seedless Vascular plants

Question 1

Name two ways that hornworts differ from other bryophytes

Answer 1

No seta, persistent sporophyte, basal meristem, least diverse

Question 2

Bryophytes
* What is the dominant phase of the life cycle?
* How many sporangia per sporophyte?
* How is the plant body supported?
* How do water and nutrients get around?
* How do sperm get to the egg?
* Can the sporophyte live independently of the gametophyte?

Answer 2

1. n
2. 1:1
3. lack lignin and vascular tissue, so they rely on: Turgor pressure (water-filled cells providing rigidity), Rhizoids
4. hydroids (water-conducting cells) and leptoids (nutrient-conducting cells)
5. Bryophytes require water for fertilization.
6. No, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.

Question 3

seedless vascular plants time spent in n

Answer 3

<~50%

Question 4

What traits evolve within the tracheophytes?

Answer 4

In the first, seedless tracheophytes….
* Vascular tissue
* Sporophyte becomes dominant and independent
* True leaves/roots
* Then coming later….
* Seeds, flowers, fruits

Question 5

400 MYA small ___ plants with simple ___ systems evolved

Answer 5

leafless, vascular

Question 6

Evolution of vascular tissues

Answer 6

lycopods and many roots had microphylls only
ferns and seed plants had megaphylls only

Question 7

Leaves evolved as ___ from the apical
meristem

Answer 7

protuberances

Question 8

microphylls and megaphylls

Answer 8

first leaves, later leaves

Question 9

leaf evolution

Answer 9

Single strand of vascular tissue vs. branching system of vascular tissue
Some sporangia-bearing branches became sterile?

Question 10

Roots evolved by

Answer 10

dichotomous branching

Question 11

Evolution of reproductive systems in vascular
plants

Answer 11

Already have oogamous heteromorphic alternation of generations
* The sporophyte generation becomes dominant
* The first land plants and first vascular plants were homosporous – meiosis produces only one type of spore, which germinates to form bisexual gametophytes
* Almost all ferns, the horsetails, and some lycophytes
* Heterospory occurs when two different sporangia produce two different types of spores; microsporangia produce microspores which give rise to the male gametophyte, megasporangia produce megaspores which give rise to the female gametophyte → gametophytes are much reduced in size!
* Some ferns, some lycophytes, and all seed plants

Question 12

vascular plant timeline

Answer 12

early vascular plants, -> monilophytes, lycophytes, progymnosperms -> seed plants -> flowering plants

Question 13

How do we know about extinct plants?

Answer 13

The Rynie Cherts (and other fossils)

Question 14

3 extinct groups of early vascular plants

Answer 14

rhyniophyte, zosterophyllophyte, trimerophyte

Question 15

A basal split more than 400 MYA separates ____ and other extinct early vascular plants from ____

Answer 15

lycophytes, euphyllophytes

Question 16

Large tree ___ dominated the landscape during the Carboniferous

Answer 16

lycophytes

Question 17

Carboniferous swamps in North America now make up ___

Answer 17

large coal deposits

Question 18

___, like club moss, represent living examples of some of the first vascular plants with leaves (microphylls) and roots; both stems and roots have a ___

Answer 18

Lycopods, protostele

Question 19

Lycopods are ___, and sporangia are found on fertile microphylls called ___

Answer 19

homosporous, sporophylls

Question 20

Sporophylls may be dispersed with ___…or grouped into ___ (cones) at the end of branches

Answer 20

sterile microphylls, strobili

Question 21

Club moss life cycle

Answer 21

sporophyte initially dependent, but become independent, sperm still motile and require water, common asexual reproduction via rhizomes

Question 22

Another living genera of lycophytes are the
Selaginella, the sporophytes are similar except for
being ___

Answer 22

heterosporous

Question 23

Selaginella life cycle

Answer 23

Strobili contain megasporophylls and microsporophylls and scale-like ligule, endoscopic gametophyte are not photsynthetic,

Question 24

___ are the closest living relatives to those extinct lycophyte trees; has a ___ that produces secondary tissues = ____ evolution

Answer 24

Isoetes, cambium, convergent

Question 25

Monilophytes =

Answer 25

ferns and horsetail

Question 26

Monilophytes range from

Answer 26

epiphytes to large tree ferns (*note they are not woody!)

Question 27

Most living ferns are ___

Answer 27

homosporous

Question 28

Monomorphic vs. dimorphic leaves

Answer 28

monomorphic leaves refer to a plant species having leaves of a single, uniform type, while dimorphic leaves describe a plant species with two distinct types of leaves.

Question 29

Ferns are classified as ___ or ___

Answer 29

eusporangiate, leptosporangiate

Question 30

In a eusporangium,

Answer 30

the multiple initials are located on the surface of the tissue where the sporangia is produced; larger than leptosporangia; characteristic of ALL vascular plants except lepto

Question 31

In a leptosporangium,

Answer 31

the single initial cell divides to form an elaborate stalked sporangium and annulus cells with unevenly- thickened walls that help with spore dispersal

Question 32

The eusporangiate ferns are ___ common

Answer 32

less

Question 33

The leptosporangiate ferns, class Polypodiopsdia, are ___ familiar

Answer 33

more

Question 34

Fronds =

Answer 34

leaves – the only well- developed megaphylls in seedless vascular plants (compound leaves)

Question 35

where is the siphonostele in ferns

Answer 35

rhizome

Question 36

Fiddleheads/fronds undergo

Answer 36

circinate vernation

Question 37

circinate vernation

Answer 37

curling of the end of the leaf

Question 38

The sporangia of Polypodiopsida are found on the ___ and are commonly found in clusters called ___

Answer 38

margins or lower surfaces of leaves, sori

Question 39

Sori may be covered with specialized outgrowth of the leaf called ___

Answer 39

indusia

Question 40

Polypodiopsida life cycle

Answer 40

common asexual reproduction via rhizomes, mature gametophyte prothellus

Question 41

Equisetophytes consist of a single extant genus,

Answer 41

Equisetum (horsetail)

Question 42

how is horsetail recognized

Answer 42

Easily recognized with conspicuous jointed stems and whorls of scalelike leaves

Question 43

horsetails referred to as

Answer 43

scouring rushes

Question 44

Distinctive features of Equisetum

Answer 44

cones - elaters

Question 45

Equisetum life cycle

Answer 45

Common asexual reproduction via rhizomes, sporangiophore, mature sporangium

Question 46

Seedless vascular plants * What is the dominant phase of the life cycle? * How many sporangia per sporophyte? * How is the plant body supported? * How do water and nutrients get around? * How do sperm get to the egg? * Can the sporophyte live independently of the gametophyte?

Answer 46

1. 2n 2. multiple:1 3. Seedless vascular plants have lignified vascular tissue, providing structural support 4. Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) enables efficient water and nutrient transport 5. Flagellated sperm require water to swim to the egg. 6. Yes, the sporophyte is independent.