Non-vascular plants I & II Flashcards by Emma Davies

Plants are ___, ___, and ___

multicellular, terrestrial, photosynthetic

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multicellular

Different cells can have various functions, but they must integrate their activities

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terrestrial

Plant ancestors were aquatic, but terrestrial plants have to cope with very dry air

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Photosynthetic:

Plants and many other organisms can convert solar energy to chemical energy

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Bryophytes are “___” plants

non-vascular

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examples of bryophytes

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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Opportunities and challenges of the terrestrial environment

The aquatic environment was competitive and filled with herbivores, Initially, land offered less competition and fewer herbivores, However, plants had to overcome significant challenges to adapt to dry lan

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when did plants move onto land

> 450 million years ago, plants moved onto dry land

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The terrestrial environment is challenging

Too heavy, dry, hot and cold and bright: terrestrial environment:
No buoyancy
Scarce water
Extreme temperatures
Excess light, including UV

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As sessile organisms, plants have to respond and adjust to ___

stress

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Obtaining and retaining water is a challenge for terrestrial plants

Freshwater green algae easily take up water from their aquatic environment
The water potential of air and soil is usually lower than that of the plant cells.

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Desiccation tolerance or avoidance, drought evasion or
tolerance

Most bryophytes can tolerate desiccation (drying out extensively,
Some desert plants evade drought. They survive the dry season as seeds, sprouting and flowering in a brief period of rain.
Some desert plants tolerate dry conditions through adaptations such as deep roots, C4 photosynthesis, and tiny or absent leaves.
Most tracheophytes cannot tolerate desiccation – they die

BUT, seeds are built to be dessicated!

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tracheophytes

vascular plants

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most tracheophytes avoid desiccation

Tracheophytes have:
* A waxy cuticle that covers their aerial tissues
* Regulated pores (stomata) for water and gas exchange
* Lignified vascular tissues that conduct water
* Roots specialized for water and nutrient uptake
Cuticle, Stomata

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Bryophytes are ____ tolerant, but also ____ tolerant!!!

dessication, freeze

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The two groups of plants, bryophytes and tracheophytes,
differ in ____

size, how they move materials, and how they deal with desiccation

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The very first land plants were ___ and relied on ___

small, water

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how did the first land plants rely on water

Water (and nutrients) diffusing into their bodies, and water for reproduction

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Why are non-vascular plants/bryophytes important?

Global carbon cycle
* Similar to the first land plants
* Early successional species that help make soil (pioneer species)
* ‘Canaries in the coal mine’ for air pollution

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Bryophytes are ___, and include
___

paraphyletic, liverworts, mosses, and hornworts

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What differentiates bryophytes from charophycean green algae?
Where?
ploidy
AOG?
Sex characteristics? 3
Tissues?
Water retention?

Terrestrial
* Multicellular diploid embryos
(sporophyte!)
* Alternation of generations
* Sporangia that produce spores with
sporopollenin
* Presence of male and female gametangia
(antheridia and archegonia)
* Retention of the zygote in the
archegonium/gametophyte
* Apical meristems and true tissues
* Cuticle

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All plants undergo sporic meiosis =

alternation of generations

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Bryophyte time spent in n

~75% - water is required for reproduction, sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte

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Bryophytes lack ___

water and food-conducting tissues

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how do bryophytes take up water

Bryophytes take up water from the air and substrate

what process do bryophytes do to take up water

Water moves along external surfaces, within cells, between cells, and through specialized water-conducting cells or hydroids (h)

what structure in the cell walls do bryophytes lack?

lignin

The end walls between food- conducting cells of bryophytes can have ___

enlarged plasmodesmata

Some bryophytes have food ___

conducting cells or leptoid

Most bryophytes have a ___ growth form

thalloid

Gametophytes are ___ and ___ without distinct ____, ___, or ___ ; rhizoids for ____

flat, branched, roots, stems, or leaves, anchoring to substrate

bryophytes are ___ for ease of ____

Thin for ease of uptake of water and CO

bryophyte reproduction

Reproduction can be asexual, sometimes via gemmae or by fragmentation

Bryophytes have multicellular ___ on separate ____ that produce ____ via ___

gametangia, gametophytes, gametes, mitosis

antheridia for on

antheridiophores

antheridia form

sperm

archegonia form on

archegoniophores

archegonia form

egg

The fertilized egg is retained and supported by the female gametophyte, which is called

matrotrophy

Capsule

sporangium where each 2n cell undergoes meiosis to make haploid spores

Calyptra

Part of the archegonia that continues dividing to enclose the embryo/developing sporophyte

Sporic meiosis may have evolved to ___ when water became scarce

increase spore production

sporopollenin in the spore wall is ___ resistant!

decay and chemical

Liverworts: Phylum

Marchantiophyta

Liverworts represent the ____ group of land plants; ~5200 species of ___ and ___ plants

earliest, small, inconspicuous

do liverworts have stomata

liverwort Gametophyte is primarily a photosynthetic ___

thallus

type of liverwort

Riccia - terrestrial and aquatic species

____ is perhaps the most well-known liverwort

Marchantia

the marchantia gametangia (antheridia and archegonia) are found on

gametophores

The archegonia of liverwort retain the fertilized eggs which divide by ___ to form the ___. this is an example of

mitosis, sporophyte, matrotrophy

in the liverwort, gametophyte is ___ and sporophyte is ___

Gametophyte is conspicuous, sporophyte is inconspicuous

In addition to spores, the liverwort capsule contains

elaters

what are elaters

Hygroscopic wall thickenings help with spore dispersal

liverwort Gemma cups contain ____ as one mode of ___ reproduction

gemmae, asexual

Some liverworts are bisexual and have both female (___) and male (___) structures that contain the ___ on one plant

perianth, androecium, gametangia

Marchantia life cycle: life cycle is dominated by ___ phase, ___ is dependent on the ____, ____ sporophyte

life cycle is dominated by gametophyte phase, sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte, inconspicuous sporophyte

Mosses: Phylum

Bryophyta

are stomata present in mosses

yes

Mosses are the next ‘evolutionary step’ of land plants, lots of diversity in >___ species

10,000

Peat mosses include the well known ___; peat bogs occupy ___ of the Earth’s surface!

Sphagnum, 1-3%

the capsule of moss is what ploidy

All bryophytes form a ___ when spores germinate; usually it is filamentous but in Sphagnum it is ___

protonema, platelike

Gametophore = ___ in moss

'leafy’ shoot

how does the capsule of moss move spores

Capsule shape changes as it dries and builds up pressure; capsule blows off operculum and spores are dispersed

what is the operculum of moss

top ( like a hat)

what is the pseudopodium of moss

the "stem" of the capsule

Sphagnum Protonema looks a lot like

Coleochaete

"true mosses” belong to the class

Bryidae

Protonemata of true mosses are a ___ in ___ filaments; leafy gametophores form from ___; both are ___ parts of the gametophyte

single row of cells, branching, buds, haploid

All mosses have ___ that are dependent on the ___ for support and nutrition; sporophytes begin as ___, but then lose this ability and turn ___ as they mature

sporophyte, gametophyte, photosynthetic, brown

True mosses have ___ tissues specialized for water and food conduction in the ___ of the sporophytes

non-lignified, seta

hydroids in mosses are ___ at maturity

dead

where are the hydroids

in the middle like xylem

leptoids in mosses are ___ at maturity

alive

what type of nuclei do leptoids have

degenerate

where are the leptoids in mosses

outskirts of hydroids

moss Sexual reproduction is similar to other bryophytes; gametangia can be on the ___ or ___

same gametophyte (bisexual), separate gametophytes (unisexual)

Polytrichum life cycle

sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte

Asexual reproduction of Physcomitrella as a ___

genetic model organism

Hornworts: Phylum

Phylum Anthocerophyta

Hornworts come next, they have a persistent ___; ~300 species

sporophyte

Hornworts have a ___ that continues to make new sporangia for a prolonged period = persistent

basal meristem

do hornworts have seta

all stages of spore development of a hornwort occur in ___

a single sporangium

____ in the sporangia of hornworts help with spore dispersal

Pseudoelaters

Newer phylogenetic studies suggest bryophytes are actually ____

monophyletic

suport for bryophytes being monophyletic

Hornworts are the least diverse * Hornworts have chloroplasts most similar to green algae (with a pyrenoid) * Hornworts lack a seta, while mosses and liverworts have a seta (=setaphytes) * Then, the ancestor of all land plants HAD stomata, and the liverwort lineage lost stomata somehow?