Protists

Question 1

Recall that protists are the eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Therefore, protists are an example of a monophyletic/paraphyletic/polyphyetic group

Answer 1

paraphyletic

Question 2

True or False – All plants produce seeds.

Answer 2

false

Question 3

Flowers’ is an example of a convergent or homologous trait.

Answer 3

homologous

Question 4

Alternation of generations = sporic meiosis – means there are

Answer 4

multicellular diploid AND haploid phases

Question 5

Gametophyte –

Answer 5

multicellular haploid phase

Question 6

Sporophyte –

Answer 6

multicellular diploid phase

Question 7

Isomorphic –

Answer 7

both the gametophyte and sporophyte are indistinguishable (some red and green algae)

Question 8

Heteromorphic –

Answer 8

the gametophyte and sporophyte look different (some brown algae and land plants)

Question 9

Isogamous –

Answer 9

+/- gametes look the same

Question 10

Anisogamous –

Answer 10

+/- motile gametes look different

Question 11

Oogamous –

Answer 11

female gamete is larger and non-motile, male gamete is smaller and motile

Question 12

All land plants and some protists undergo

Answer 12

sporic meiosis

Question 13

Sporic meiosis is often called alternation of generations because the

Answer 13

life cycle alternates between a multicellular haploid phase and multicellular diploid phase

Question 14

Why do we care about protists?

Answer 14

Plants, animals, and fungi all evolved from ancient protists

Question 15

Algae is a non-specific term for

Answer 15

unrelated aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes that lack multicellular sex organs

Question 16

Why are algae important? 5 reasons

Answer 16

Earth is 70% water – contribute to the aquatic carbon cycle – absorb about one half of CO2 produced by human activities!
They form the base of the aquatic food chain as phytoplankton (but there are also heterotrophic zooplankton)
Some provide an aquatic habitat
May cause red tides and even disease
Potential for biofuels

Question 17

why its algal biofuel good?

Answer 17

Algal biofuels – less land resources, 5-10x biomass production

Question 18

what is algal biofuel used for?

Answer 18

Similarly used as turf scrubbers for waste water treatment

Question 19

euglenoids: (a)sexual?, uni/multicellular?, how does it make energy? what structures do they contain? what is it?

Answer 19

Euglenoids are asexual, unicellular photosynthetic
algae with a flagella; may contain chloroplasts
Have a pyrenoid - the site of photosynthesis

Question 20

Cryptomonads are a common component of ___ and provide evidence for ___

Answer 20

phytoplankton, endosymbiosis

Question 21

how do cryptomonads reproduce?

Answer 21

Evidence of sexual reproduction

Question 22

endosymbiosis in crypto monads

Answer 22

Secondary endosymbiosis and nucleomorph – red alga?

Question 23

Haptophytes are primarily marine ___ distinguished by their ___ and calcified scales called ___

Answer 23

phytoplankton, haptonema, coccoliths

Question 24

how do haptophytes reproduce

Answer 24

Asexual and sexual reproduction common

Question 25

Haptophyte economic importance

Answer 25

Gelatinous colonial phase contributes significantly to aquatic carbon cycles – algal blooms of thousands of km2! Can cause harmful algal blooms Used in aquaculture to feed oyster and shrimp larvae

Question 26

Dinoflagellates are also common contributors to marine ___; they may be ___

Answer 26

phytoplankton, mixotrophic

Question 27

ability of dinoflagellates

Answer 27

luminescent and/or produce toxins!

Question 28

zooxanthellae is a type of dinoflagellates- why is it special

Answer 28

mutualism with animals

Question 29

dinoflagellate reproduction

Answer 29

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 30

Dinoflagellates are ecologically important in their role in causing ___ which causes ___

Answer 30

red tides, Paralytic shellfish poisoning

Question 30

Photosynthetic stramenopiles include the ___

Answer 30

diatoms, brown algae, and golden/yellow-green algae

Question 31

stramenopiles dominant phase of the life cycle may look very different, but swimming phase has

Answer 31

two flagella – a hairy flagella and a smooth flagella

Question 32

Diatoms are estimated to account for as much as 25% of ____ as part of phytoplankton and frustules made of ___

Answer 32

global carbon fixation, opaline silica (SiO2)

Question 33

centric vs pennate diatoms

Answer 33

centric - circle pennate - line-like (has raphe... line down the middle)

Question 34

Centric diatom life cycle

Answer 34

Primarily asexual life cycle, Oogamous, Gametic meiosis, 2n dominant stage

Question 35

brown algae have thallus which have

Answer 35

air bladders

Question 36

brown algae is a result of

Answer 36

Convergent evolution!

Question 37

Laminaria Isomorphic or heteromorphic? Which phase of the life cycle is dominant? Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous?

Answer 37

heteromorphic, 2n dominant, oogamous

Question 38

Brown algae economic importance

Answer 38

Eaten as a vegetable in some parts of the world * Grown commercially to isolate alginates – used widely as thickening agents and stabilizers in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and other industries

Question 39

Red algae are mostly ___, and their chloroplasts contain ___

Answer 39

multicellular, phycobilins

Question 40

type of red algae and why its special

Answer 40

Coralline algae – found 100m deeper than any other photosynthesizing organism!

Question 41

Red algae have complicated life cycles What type of meiosis here? Isomorphic or heteromorphic? Which phase of the life cycle is dominant? Isogamous, heterogamous, oogamous?

Answer 41

sporic meiosis, heteromorphic, 2n + n, Oogamous

Question 42

Red algae economic importance

Answer 42

Red algae are also common foods – nori * Agar is made from material extracted from the cell walls of red algae * Other red algal extracts are used as a common stabilizer in foods, cosmetics, paints, etc - carrageenan