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EAS 2600 > Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

arkose

A

A sandstone containing more than 25% feldspar

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2
Q

bedding

A

The formation of parallel layers of sediment as particles settle to the bottom of the sea, a river, or a land surface.

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3
Q

bedding sequence

A

A pattern of interbedded and vertically stacked layers of sandstone, shale, and other sedimentary rock types.

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4
Q

bioclastic sediment

A

A shallow-water sediment consisting primarily of two calcium carbonate minerals - calcite and aragonite - in variable proportions.

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5
Q

biological sediment

A

A sediment that forms near its place of deposition as a result of mineral precipitation within organisms as they grow.

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6
Q

bioturbation

A

Th eprocess by which organisms rework existing sediments by burrowing through muds and sands.

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7
Q

carbonate environment

A

A marine setting where calcium carbonate, principally of biochemical origin, is the main sediment.

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8
Q

carbonate platform

A

An extensive flat, shallow area where both biological and nonbilogical carbonates are deposited.

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9
Q

carbonate rock

A

A sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation of carbonate minerals precipitated organically or inorganically.

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10
Q

carbonate sediment

A

A sediment formed from the accumulation of carbonate mienrals precipitated organically or inorganically.

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11
Q

cementation

A

A major chemical diagenetic change in which minerals are precipitated in the pores of sediments, forming cements that bind clastic sediments and rocks.

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12
Q

chemical and biological sedimentary

A

New chemical substances that form by precipitation when some of a rock’s components dissolve during weathering and are carried in river waters to the sea.

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13
Q

chemical sediment

A

The dissolved product of weathering precipitated from water by chemical reactions and formed at or near its place of deposition.

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14
Q

chemical weathering

A

The weathering that occurs when the minerals in a rock as chemically altered or dissolved.

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15
Q

chert

A

A sedimentary rock made up of chemically or biochemically precipitated silica.

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16
Q

clastic particle

A

A physically tranported rock fragment produced by the weathering of preexisting rocks.

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17
Q

clastic sediment

A

An accumulation of clastic particles laid down by running water, wind, or ice and forming layers of sand, silt, or gravel.

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18
Q

clay

A

The most abundant component of fine-grained sediments and sedimentary rocks, consisting largely of clay minerals. Clay-sized particles are less than 0.0039 mm in diameter.

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19
Q

claystone

A

A rock made up exclusively of clay-sized particles.

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20
Q

coal

A

A biochemically produced sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of organic carbon formed by diagenesis of swamp vegetation.

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21
Q

compaction

A

A decrease in the volume and porosity of a sediment that occurs when the grains are squeezed closer together by the weight of overlying sediment.

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22
Q

conglomerate

A

A sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, and boulders. The lithified equivalent of gravel.

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23
Q

continental shelf

A

A broad, flat, sand- and mud-covered platform that is a slightly submerged part of a continent and extends to the edge of the continental slope.

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24
Q

cross-bedding

A

A sedimentary structure consisting of bedded material deposited by currents of wind or water and inclined at angles as large as 35 degrees from the horizontal.

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25
Q

diagenesis

A

The physical and chemical changes - including pressure, heat, and chemical reactions - by which buried sediments are lithified into sedimentary rocks.

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26
Q

dolostone

A

An abundant carbonate rock composed primarily of dolomite and formed by the diagensis of carbonate sediments and limestones.

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27
Q

evaporite rock

A

A sedimentary rock formed from evaporite sediments.

28
Q

evaporite sediment

A

An accumulation of materials precipitated inorganically from evaporating seawater and from water in arid-region lakes that have no river outlets.

29
Q

flexural basin

A

A basin that develops within zones of tectonic convergence, where one lithospheric plate pushes up over the other and the weight of the overriding plate causes the overridden plate to bend or flex downward.

30
Q

foraminifera

A

One of a group of tiny single-celled organisms that live in surface wates and whose secretions and calcite shells account for most of the ocean’s carbonate sediments.

31
Q

gas

A

A fluid organic sediment formed by the diagenesis of organic material in the pores of sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstones and limestones.

32
Q

graded bedding

A

A bed that formed horizontal or nearly horizontal layers at the time of deposition, in which the coarsest particles are concentrated at the bottom and grade gradually upward into fine silt.

33
Q

gravel

A

The coarsest clastic sediment, consisting of particles larger than 2 mm in diameter and including pebbles, cobbles, and boulders.

34
Q

graywacke

A

A sandstone composed of a heterogeneous mixture of rock fragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar, the sand grains being surrounded by a fine-grained clay matrix.

35
Q

iron formation

A

A sedimentary rock that usually contains mroe than 15 percent iron in the form of iron oxides and some iron silicates and iron carbonates.

36
Q

limestone

A

A biochemcial sedimentary rock lithified from carbonate sediments and composed mainly of calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite.

37
Q

lithic sandstone

A

A sandstone that contains many fragments derived from fine-grained rocks, mostly shales, volcanic rocks, and fine-grained metamorphic rocks.

38
Q

lithification

A

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.

39
Q

mud

A

A clastic sediment, mixed with water, in which most of the particles are less than 0.062 mm in diameter.

40
Q

mudstone

A

A blocky, poorly bedded, fine-grained sedimentary rock produced by the lithification of mud.

41
Q

oil

A

An organic fluid formed by the diagenesis of buried organic material that migrates into reservoirs in porous crustal rocks.

42
Q

organic sedimentary rock

A

A sedimentary rock that consists entirely or partly of organic carbon-rick deposits formed by the decay of once-living material that has been buried.

43
Q

peat

A

A rich organic material that contians more than 50 percent carbon.

44
Q

phosphorite

A

A chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock composed of calcium phosphate precipitated from phosphate-rich seawater and formed diagenetically by the interaction between muddy or carbonate sediments and the phosphate-rich water.

45
Q

physical weathering

A

Weathering in which solid rock is fragmented by mechanical processes that do not change its chemical composition.

46
Q

porosity

A

The percentage of a rock’s volume consisting of open pores between grains.

47
Q

quartz arenite

A

A sandstone made up almost entirely of quartz grains, usually well sorted and rounded.

48
Q

reef

A

A moundlike or ridgelike organic strucutre constructed of the carbonate skeletons of millions of organisms.

49
Q

rift basin

A

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50
Q

ripple

A

A sedimentary structure consisting of a very small dune of snad or silt whoe long dimension is at right angles to the current.

51
Q

salinity

A

The total amount of dissolved substances in a given volume of water.

52
Q

sand

A

A clastic sediment consisting of medium-sized particles ranging from 0.062 to 2 mm in diameter.

53
Q

sandstone

A

A clastic rock composed of grains of quartz, feldspar, and rock fragments; bound together by a cement of quartz, carbonate, or other minerals, or by a matrix of clay minerals. THe lithified equivalent of sand.

54
Q

sedimentary basin

A

A region of considerable extent where the combination of deposition and subsidence has formed thick accumulations of sediment and sedimentary rock.

55
Q

sedimentary environment

A

A geographic location characterized by a particular combination of climate conditions and physical, chemical, and biological processes.

56
Q

sedimentary structure

A

Any kind of bedding or other surface (such as cross-bedding, graded bedding o ripples) formed at the time of deposition.

57
Q

shale

A

A fine-grained clastic rock composed of silt plus a significant component of clay, which causes it to break readily along bedding planes.

58
Q

siliciclastic sediment

A

Clastic sediment produced by the weathering of rocks composed largely of silicate minerals.

59
Q

siliciclastic sedimentary environment

A

Those environments dominated by siliciclastic sediments. They include the continental alluvial, deset, lake, and glacial environments, as well as the shoreline environments transitional between continental and marine: deltas, beaches, and tidal flats. They also include oceanic environments of the continental shelf, continental margin and deep-ocean floor where siliciclastic sands and muds are deposited.

60
Q

silt

A

A clastic sediment in which most of the grains are between 0.0039 and 0.062 mm in diameter.

61
Q

siltstone

A

A clastic rock that contains mostly silt and looks similar to mudstone or very fine grained sandstone. The lithified equivalent of silt.

62
Q

sorting

A

The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments according to size.

63
Q

subsidence

A

A depression or sinking of the crust induced partly by the additional weight of sediments on the crust but driven mostly by tectonic mechanisms, such as regional downfaulting or cooling of the lithosphere.

64
Q

terrigenous sediment

A

Sediment eroded from the land surface.

65
Q

thermal subsidence basin

A

A basin produced in the later stages of rifting when newly formed continental plates are drifting away from each other. The lithosphere that was thinned and heated during the earlier rifting stage cools, leading to an incraese in density, which in turn leads to subsidence below sea level, where sediments can accumulate.

66
Q

weathering

A

The general process that breaks up rocks into fragments of various sizes by a combination of physical fracturing and chemical decomposition.

EAS 2600 (15 decks)

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