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EAS 2600 > Old Exam 1 Questions > Flashcards

Old Exam 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant element in Earth’s crust (by weight)

A

oxygen

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2
Q

Tendency of mineral to break along smooth flat surfaces

A

cleavage

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3
Q

Most common mineral in Earth’s crust

A

feldspar

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4
Q

Not a characteristic of minerals

A

Either liquid or solid

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5
Q

Most abundant mineral group in Earth’s crust

A

silicates

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6
Q

Mass number of an atom is obtained by totaling the number of

A

protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Building block of the silicate minerals is called the

A

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

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8
Q

Most unreliable diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is

A

color

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9
Q

Each elemnet is defined by the number of

A

protons

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10
Q

The definition of a mineral includes words such as…

A

naturally ocurring and crystalline

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11
Q

An igneous rock that contains vesicles

A

contains many small holes, is also extrusive, is also aphanatic

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12
Q

Which is an igneous rock? rhyolite, slate, limestone, shale

A

Rhyolite

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13
Q

Granite and gabbro have

A

a similar texture

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14
Q

Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit this texture

A

phaneritic

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15
Q

This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes

A

porphyritic

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16
Q

Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock

A

granite

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17
Q

The textures of an igneous rock…

A

records the rock’s cooling history

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18
Q

Igneous rock is formed

A

by crystallization of molten rock

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19
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of

A

particle size

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20
Q

Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment?

A

conglomerate

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21
Q

Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

clay and quartz

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22
Q

Sedimentary rocks account for about ____ percent of rock exposures on the continents

A

75

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22
Q

The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is

A

limestone

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23
Q

List in correct order the forms of coal from lowest grade to highest

A

Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite

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24
Metamorphism may result from
pressure, heat, chemical action
25
What changes may occur during metamorphism?
crystals may grow larger, rock becomes more compact, certain minerals may recrystallize
26
When certain minerals recrystallize with a preferred orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of the compressional force, the rock is said to exhibit
foliation
27
The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is
marble
28
This metamorphic rock is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals
gneiss
29
This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone
quartzite
30
The agents of metamorphism are...
heat, pressures and chemical fluids
31
What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism?
slate
32
Through metamorphic activity
grantie can change to gneiss
33
Most of the heat for contact metamorphism is supplied by
a nearby mass of magma
34
Chemical weathering would be most effective
in a warm, humid climate
35
Which is not a product of chemical weathering of potassium feldspar: Silica, Iron oxide, Potassium bicarbonate, clay
Iron oxide
36
What sedimentary rock is composed of the most abundant product of chemical weathering?
Sandstone
37
If grantie and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot and humind climate,
the basalt would weather more rapidly
38
If granite and basalt outcropped in an area with a hot+humid climate, which type of weathering would predominate?
Chemical
39
Which one of the following is not true about mechanical weathering?
does not affect metamorphic rocks
40
Which one of the following is not related to chemical weathering: hydrolysis, oxidation, solution, decomposition, frost wedging
Frost wedging
41
The incorporation and transportation of material by water, wind or ice describes the process of
erosion
42
Which of these factors influence the type adn rate of weathering: mineral content, topography, present of joints, climate
all
43
Bauxite formation is associated with
rainy, tropical climates
44
Among the controls of soil formation are
slope, plants and animals, time, climate
45
Soils formed on bedrock are termed
residual soils
46
A soil characteristic of the humid easten US is
pedalfer
47
A soil associated with the hot and wet tropics is
laterite
48
The decayed remains of animal and plant life in soil is known as
humus
49
Eluviation is greatest in the...
A horizon
50
The B Horizon of soil is also called
both the subsoil and the zone of accumulation
51
What is not true of laterite soils
very productive agriculturally
52
What is used to describe the way minerals move during a mass wasting event?
slide, flow, fall
53
The controlling force of mass wasting is...
gravity
54
As a body of magma cools _____ is the first mineral type to crystallize out in the melt
olivine
55
The pressence of water descreases an igneous melt's viscosity.
True
56
The presence of water increase the melting temperature of igneous rock.
False
57
Mafic melts are more viscous than Felsic melts
False
58
The fastest mass wasting events are avalanches.
True
59
Creep is a form of flow.
True.
60
Felsic rocks have a lower melting temp than Mafic rocks.
True
61
Increasing Ca content corresponds increasing SIlica content in a melt.
False
62
Metallic bonding results in a sharing of valence electrons among mutliple atoms.
True
63
Hematite weather more rapidly than quartz
False
64
Iron oxide is not a weathering product of pyroxene.
False
65
Prograde metamorphism is the process by which a rock is changed from a higher to a lower grade metamorphic rock.
False
66
Name 3 of the Earth's "spheres"
Atmosphere, Biosphere, Geosphere
67
Is Plate Tectonics a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm
Paradigm
68
Is evolution a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm
Theory
69
Is Big bang a hypothesis, theory, or paradigm
hypothesis
70
A soil sample contains 40% silt, 40% sand, and 20% clay. What type is it?
Loam
71
Is loam well suited for plant growth?
Yes
72
Intrusive rocks: a)form at Earth's surface b)are generally fine-grained c)are quite often vesicular d)are also termed volcanic e)none
e) none
73
The texture of an igneous rock...
records the rock's cooling history.
74
Rocks that contain crystals taht are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit this texture.
Coarse grained (think little tiny flecks)
75
This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes.
Porphyritic
76
As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form..
decrease.
77
When a mineral breaks into smooth curved surfaces, it is said to exhibit ________ fracture.
conchodial
78
Obsidian exhibits a __________ texture.
glassy
79
Which makes up the bulk of the volume of the Earth?
Crust
80
Which layer will not transmit S waves?
Outer core
81
Seismic waves that cross the boundary and are bent are...
refracted
82
The astehnosphere is stronger than the lithosphere.
True
83
An earthquake's Richter magnitude is based on...
the amount of ground movement caused by seismic waves.
84
What drives plate tectonics?
Thermal convection
85
The first motion of the P waves signal the type of faulting.
True
86
What type of rock makes up the COlumbia Plateau?
flood basalts
87
Shallow, intermediate, and deep focus earthquales occur at....
convergent plate boundaries
88
Which of the following types of seismic waves are slowest?
Surface waves.
89
Small vents on volcanoes that emit gas fumes and steam are called....
fumaroles
90
What type of volcano is Mt. Saint Helens?
Stratovolcano
91
What type of seismic waves are S waves?
Shear waves
92
What is the name for a basaltic lava flow that has a ropy, folded surface?
pahoehoe
93
The size of an earthquake can be related to fault...
rupture area
94
What determines the slope of a cinder cone?
the maximum angle at which cinders remain stable

EAS 2600 (15 decks)

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