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EAS 2600 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

anion

A

A negatively charged ion.

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2
Q

atomic mass

A

The sum of an element’s protons and neutrons.

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3
Q

atomic number

A

The number ofo protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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4
Q

bedding

A

The formation of parallel layers of sediment as particles settle to bottom of the sea, rive or land surface.

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5
Q

biological sediment

A

A sediment that forms near its place of deposition as a result of mineral precipitation within organisms as they grow.

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6
Q

cation

A

A postiviely charge ion.

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6
Q

chemical sediments

A

The dissolved product of weathering precipitated from water by chemical reactions and fomed at or near its place of deposition.

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7
Q

cleavage

A

(1) The tendency of crystal to break along flat planar surfaces (2) The geometric pattern produced by such breakage.

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8
Q

color

A

A property of a mineral imparted by light – either transmitted through or reflected by crystals, irregular masses or a streak.

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9
Q

contact metamorphism

A

Changes in the mineralogy and texture of rock resulting from the heat and pressure in a small area, such as the rocks near and in contact with an igneous intrustion.

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10
Q

covalent bond

A

A bond between atoms in which the outer electrons are shared..

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11
Q

crystal

A

An ordered 3D array of atoms in which the basic arrangement is repeated in all directions.

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12
Q

crystal habit

A

The shape in which a mineral’s individual crystals or aggregates of crystals grow.

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13
Q

density

A

The mass per unit volume of a substance, commonly expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.

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14
Q

electron sharing

A

The mechanism by which a covalent bond is formed between the elements in a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

electron transfer

A

The mechanism by which an ionic bond is formed between the elements in a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

erosion

A

The set of processes that loosen soila nd rock and move them downhill or downstream where they are deposited as layers of sediment.

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16
Q

fracture

A

The tendency of a crystal to break alon girregular surfaces other than cleavage planes.

17
Q

hardness

A

A measure of the ease with with the surface of a mineral can be scratched.

18
Q

hydrothermal solution

A

A hot solution formd around bodies of molten rock when circulating groundwater comes into contact with hot intrusion, reacts with it and carries off significant quantities of elements and ions released by the reaction. These elements and their ions then interact with one another to deposit ore minerals, usually as the fluid cools.

19
Q

igneous rock

A

A rock formed by the solidification of a magma before or after it reaches the surface.

19
Q

ionic bond

A

A bond between atoms formed by electrical attraction ebtween ions of the opposite charge.

20
Q

isotope

A

One of two or more species of atoms of the same atomic number that have differing atomic masses.

21
Q

lithification

A

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation.

22
Q

luster

A

The way in which the surface of a mineral reflects light to produce the shine of its surface described by such subjective terms as dull, glassy, or metallic.

22
Q

metallic bond

A

A covalent bond in which freely mobile electrons are shared and dispersed among ions of metallic elements, which have the tendency to lose electrons and pack together as cations.

23
Q

metamorphic rock

A

A rock formed by the trasnformation of preexisting solid rocks under the influence of high pressure and temperature.

24
Q

mineral

A

A naturally occurring, solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic with a specific chemical composition.

25
Q

mineralogy

A

(1) The branch of geology that studies the composition, strucutre, appearance, stabilitty, occurrence, and associations fo minerals. (2) The relative proporition of a rock’s constituent minerals.

26
Q

mohs scale of hardness

A

An empirical, ascending scae of mineral hardness based on the ability of one mineral to scratch another .

26
Q

ore

A

A mineral deposit from which valuale metals can be recovered profitably.

27
Q

polymorph

A

One of two or more alternativve possible crystal structures for a single chemical compound; for example the minerals quartz and cristobalite are polymorphs of silica.

28
Q

precipitate

A

(1) To drop out of a saturated solution as crystals (2) The crystals that drop out of a saturated solution.

29
Q

regional metamorphism

A

Metamorphism caused by high pressures and temperatures that extend over large regions, as happen where plates collide.

30
Q

rock

A

A naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or in some cases nonmineral solid matter.

31
Q

rock cycle

A

The set of geologic processes that convert each type of rock into the other two types. NEED MORE HERE

32
Q

sediment

A

A material deposited at Earth’s surface by physical agenst (wind, water, ice) chemical agents (precipitation) or biological agents (organisms).

32
Q

sedimentary rock

A

A rock formed as the burial product of layers of sediments (sand, mud, calcium carbonate), whether they were laid down on the land or under the sea.

33
Q

siliclastic sediments

A

Clastic sediment produced by the weathering of rocks composed largely of silicate minerals.

34
Q

specific gravity

A

The weight of a mineral in air divided by the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4degree celsius.

35
Q

streak

A

The color of the fine deposit of mineral dust left on an abrasive surface, such as the tile of unglazed porcelain, when a mineral is scraped across it.

36
Q

texture

A

The sizes and shapes of a rock’s mineral crystals and the way they are put together.

37
Q

vein

A

A sheetlike deposit of mineral precipitated in fractures or joints that are foreign to the host rock.

38
Q

weathering

A

The general process that breaks up rocks into fragments of various sizes by a combination of physical fracturing and chemical decomposition.

EAS 2600 (15 decks)

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