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Geology > Sedimentary Rocks > Flashcards

Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic, Biochemical, Chemical, Organic

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2
Q

Where do sedimentary rocks occur?

A

In the uppermost part of the crust

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3
Q

Clastic rocks

A

loose rock fragments (clasts) cemented together.

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4
Q

Biochemical rocks

A

cemented shells of organisms

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5
Q

Chemical rocks

A

minerals that crystallize directly from water

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6
Q

Organic

A

carbon-rich remains of once living organisms

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7
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are created by…

A

Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification

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8
Q

What is Lithification?

A

Transforming loose sediment into solid rock

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9
Q

Refers to the mineral makeup of sediment grains

A

Clast composition

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10
Q

the degree of edge or corner smoothness

A

Angularity

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11
Q

Sphericity

A

the degree to which the shape of a clast approaches that of a sphere

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12
Q

Breccia

A

coarse, angular rock fragments.

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13
Q

What does it mean when rock fragments are angular?

A

Absence of transport, close to clast source

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14
Q

Conglomerate

A

rounded rock clasts. Clasts rounded as flowing water wears off corners and edges. Deposited farther from the source than breccia.

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15
Q

sand and gravel with abundant feldspar

A

Arkose

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16
Q

What is the most common mineral in sandstones?

A

Quartz

17
Q

Sandstone

A

clastic rock made of sand-sized particles.

18
Q

Silt-sized sediments are lithified to form…? Clay-sized particles form…?

A

Siltstone. Mudstone or Shale.

19
Q

What are the most common shells that make up biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

calcite (CaCO3) in limestone and opalline silica (SiO2) in chert.

20
Q

Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is almost made up entirely of…

A

Calcite and Aragonite

21
Q

What is Chert?

A

rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz derived from opalline silica (SiO2) from the skeletons of some marine plankton.

22
Q

What is an example of a combustible organic sedimentary rock?

A

Coal

23
Q

What kind of texture do chemical sedimentary rocks have?

A

Crystalline (interlocking) texture

24
Q

classes of chemical sedimentary rocks:

A

evaporites, travertine, dolostone, and replacement chert.

25
Q

What creates bedforms?

A

Water flowing over loose sediment

26
Q

How are cross-beds formed?

A

Ripple and Dune migration

27
Q

Turbidity currents

A

Pulses in water. This process forms graded beds (coarse to fine upward)

28
Q

Where do sedimentary basins form?

A

Where tectonic activity creates space

29
Q

What is a transgression?

A

A rise in sea-level. Shifts depositional bets landward.

30
Q

What is a regression?

A

A fall in sea-level. Shifts environments towards the basin.

31
Q

Define foreland basin.

A

structural basin that develops adjacent and parallel to a mountain belt.

32
Q

A sedimentary bed may have?

A

Bedforms

Geology (21 decks)

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