Sedimentary Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of sedimentary rocks?

A

Clastic, Biochemical, Chemical, Organic

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2
Q

Where do sedimentary rocks occur?

A

In the uppermost part of the crust

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3
Q

Clastic rocks

A

loose rock fragments (clasts) cemented together.

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4
Q

Biochemical rocks

A

cemented shells of organisms

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5
Q

Chemical rocks

A

minerals that crystallize directly from water

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6
Q

Organic

A

carbon-rich remains of once living organisms

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7
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks are created by…

A

Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification

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8
Q

What is Lithification?

A

Transforming loose sediment into solid rock

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9
Q

Refers to the mineral makeup of sediment grains

A

Clast composition

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10
Q

the degree of edge or corner smoothness

A

Angularity

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11
Q

Sphericity

A

the degree to which the shape of a clast approaches that of a sphere

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12
Q

Breccia

A

coarse, angular rock fragments.

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13
Q

What does it mean when rock fragments are angular?

A

Absence of transport, close to clast source

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14
Q

Conglomerate

A

rounded rock clasts. Clasts rounded as flowing water wears off corners and edges. Deposited farther from the source than breccia.

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15
Q

sand and gravel with abundant feldspar

A

Arkose

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16
Q

What is the most common mineral in sandstones?

17
Q

Sandstone

A

clastic rock made of sand-sized particles.

18
Q

Silt-sized sediments are lithified to form…? Clay-sized particles form…?

A

Siltstone. Mudstone or Shale.

19
Q

What are the most common shells that make up biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

calcite (CaCO3) in limestone and opalline silica (SiO2) in chert.

20
Q

Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is almost made up entirely of…

A

Calcite and Aragonite

21
Q

What is Chert?

A

rock made of cryptocrystalline quartz derived from opalline silica (SiO2) from the skeletons of some marine plankton.

22
Q

What is an example of a combustible organic sedimentary rock?

23
Q

What kind of texture do chemical sedimentary rocks have?

A

Crystalline (interlocking) texture

24
Q

classes of chemical sedimentary rocks:

A

evaporites, travertine, dolostone, and replacement chert.

25
What creates bedforms?
Water flowing over loose sediment
26
How are cross-beds formed?
Ripple and Dune migration
27
Turbidity currents
Pulses in water. This process forms graded beds (coarse to fine upward)
28
Where do sedimentary basins form?
Where tectonic activity creates space
29
What is a transgression?
A rise in sea-level. Shifts depositional bets landward.
30
What is a regression?
A fall in sea-level. Shifts environments towards the basin.
31
Define foreland basin.
structural basin that develops adjacent and parallel to a mountain belt.
32
A sedimentary bed may have?
Bedforms