Crustal Deformation Flashcards

1
Q

Deformed (strained) rocks show…

A

tilted beds, metamorphic alteration, folding, and faulting, UNLIKE Undeformed rocks.

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2
Q

Deformation can be classified as 3 types:

A
  1. Displacement
  2. Rotation
  3. Distortion
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3
Q

Displacement is…

A

A change in location

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4
Q

Rotation is…

A

A change in spatial orientation

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5
Q

Distortion is…

A

A change in shape

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6
Q

Strain vs. Stress

A

Strain: 1. Stretching 2. Shortening 3. Shearing
Stress: 1. Tension 2. Compression 3. Shearing 4. Pressure

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7
Q

What are the two behaviors when discussing deformation?

A

Brittle vs. Ductile

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8
Q

occurs in the shallower crust, rocks break by fracturing

A

Brittle Deformation

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9
Q

occurs at higher P and T conditions, which causes rock to deform by flowing and folding

A

Ductile Deformation - occurs at greater depth

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10
Q

3 types of Dip Slips

A

Normal Faults, Reverse Faults and Thrust Faults (below 35 degrees)

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11
Q

Strike-slip faults

A
  • move sideways past each other
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12
Q

Left Lateral movements

A

the opposite block moves to the left

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13
Q

Right Lateral movements

A

The opposite block moves to the right

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14
Q

What is the dominant cause of earthquakes?

A

Sudden movement at faults

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15
Q

a line along which curvature is greatest

A

A hinge

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16
Q

Limbs

A

are the less curved “sides” of a fold

17
Q

connects hinges of successive layers

A

Axial plane

18
Q

Anticline

A

a fold that looks like an arch.

19
Q

a fold that opens upward like a trough

A

syncline

20
Q

A nonplunging fold

A

has a horizontal hinge

21
Q

A plunging fold

A

has a tilted hinge

22
Q

a fold with the appearance of an
overturned bowl. Exposes older rocks in
the center.

A

A dome

23
Q

A basin

A

a fold shaped like an upright bowl. A basin exposes younger rocks in the center.

24
Q

planar rock fractures without any offset that develop from tensile stress in brittle rock.

A

Joints

25
Q

Viens are

A

Fractures filled with minerals

26
Q

What are the four causes of mountain building?

A
  1. Continental collision
  2. Convergent boundaries
  3. Continental rifting
  4. Delamination
27
Q

What is Isostasy?

A

Surface elevation is a balance between forces of gravitational attraction (which pulls plates into the mantle) and buoyancy (which floats lithosphere on top of the mantle)

28
Q

Off-scraped sediment

A

Accretionary prisms

29
Q

removal of deep lithospheric mantle can cause uplift

A

Delamination

30
Q

Ductile rock eventually flows out from beneath high mountains, which then settle downward like soft cheese. The upper brittle crust breaks into faults. This process, which leads to destruction of the mountains, is known as

A

orogenic collapse

31
Q

What is a craton?

A

continental crust that hasn’t been deformed in 1 Ga

32
Q

There are two cratonic provinces:

A

Shields and Platforms