Sedatives, Hypnotics, & Inhalants

Question 1

Sedative/hypnotic drugs

Answer 1

slow physical and mental activities
relieve anxiety
increase sleep

Question 2

2 of the best known types of sedative/hypnotic drugs are

Answer 2

barbiturates and benzodiazepines (BZDs)

Question 3

____ synthesized barbituric acid, the compound from which barbiturates are developed.

Answer 3

Adolf von Baeyer

Question 4

The first pharmacologically active barbiturate was marketed in

Answer 4

1903

Question 5

The use of ____ has increased considerably in the past 20 years. In 2019, over __ million Americans reported using them in the past year.

Answer 5

sedative/hypnotics; 44

Question 6

Barbiturates and BZDs are categorized based on their

Answer 6

duration of action

Question 7

More ___ barbiturates are shorter acting and more likely to be abused

Answer 7

lipid soluble

Question 8

sedative/hypnotic drugs can be administered

Answer 8

orally, retally, or by injection

Question 9

Barbiturates and BZDs are highly bound to ____ and are metabolized in the ___

Answer 9

plasma proteins; liver

Question 10

sedatives/hypnotics exert their effects by binding to

Answer 10

GABA receptors

Question 11

BZDs bind to a ___ on the GABA receptor while barbiturates ____ when they bind.

Answer 11

site; enhance the affinity of the receptor

Question 12

sedative/hypnotic effects

Answer 12

reduce muscle tone
impair coordination
increase sedation and sleep
reduce anxiety, learning, and memory

Question 13

sedative/hypnotic effects

Answer 13

reduce muscle tone
impair coordination
increase sedation and sleep
reduce anxiety, learning, and memory

Question 14

Barbiturates and BZDs have been used to treat

Answer 14

insomnia
anxiety disorders
seizure disorders
alcohol withdrawal
used as aesthestics

Question 15

Z drugs raise the risk of

Answer 15

motor vehicle accidents
incidence of sleepwalking, eating, sleep sex, and sleep driving

Question 16

sedative/hypnotic side effects

Answer 16

drowsiness
lethargy
dizziness
confusion
reduced libido
diminished concentration
incoordination
impairment of driving skills

Question 17

fetuses exposed to sedative/hypnotic drugs may have an increased risk of

Answer 17

cleft palate
BZD syndrome
floppy infant syndrome
drug withdrawal

Question 18

Tolerance develops to barbiturates by both ____ and ___ mechanisms

Answer 18

cellular and metabolic mechanisms

Question 19

Tolerance to BZDs is not as ___ or ___ as barbiturates

Answer 19

fast; complete

Question 20

Withdrawal symptoms from sedatives/hypnotics

Answer 20

insomnia
anxiety
tremor
headache
confusion
difficulty concentrating

Question 21

GHB is both a ___ and an ____

Answer 21

neurotransmitter; illegal drug

Question 22

Low doses of GHB bind to ___ receptors and create and _____ effect while high doses activate ____ receptors and produce _____

Answer 22

GHB; excitatory
GABA; sedation and sleepiness

Question 23

The sensation of GHB is similar to

Answer 23

inebriation

Question 24

High doses of GHB can lead to

Answer 24

suppressed respiration
convulsions
coma
death

Question 25

Quaaludes are a ____ that work at ___ receptors

Answer 25

CNS depressant; GABA

Question 26

____ is a fast acting anesthetic that affects both the GABA receptors and endocannabinoid systems

Answer 26

propofol

Question 27

____ and ____ are two anesthetics that were commonly inhaled as intoxicants

Answer 27

ether; nitrous oxide

Question 28

over ____ million Americans age 12 and older have used inhalants

Answer 28

25

Question 29

more than ____ household products can be inhaled to get high

Answer 29

1,400

Question 30

inhalants have similar effects to

Answer 30

alcohol intoxication

Question 31

Inhalants are dangerous not only due to their toxic effects, but due to

Answer 31

their routes of administration
incoordination and recklessness that often follow their use

Question 32

inhalant long term effects

Answer 32

nosebleeds
rashes
weight loss
depression
hostility
paranoia
increase risk of cancer
increase risk of damage to the liver, kidneys, lungs, bone marrow, and brain

Question 33

chronic inhalant abuse has been linked to ____ but it is difficult to ascertain to what degree the effects are from the inhalants themselves, their pattern of use, or to differences in the users

Answer 33

cognitive impairments

Question 34

anxiolytic

Answer 34

a drug used to reduce anxiety

Question 35

barbiturates

Answer 35

a group of sedative/hypnotic drugs used mainly for anesthesia and treatment of seizure disorders

Question 36

benzodiazepines (BZDs)

Answer 36

a group of sedative/hypnotic drugs used mainly as antianxiety agents, sleep inducers, and muscle relaxants

Question 37

epilepsy

Answer 37

a neurological disorder characterized by a predisposition to experience seizures

Question 38

huffing

Answer 38

using inhalants in order to get high; the act of soaking a rag or handkerchief with the chemical and then deeply inhaling the cloth

Question 39

hypnotic

Answer 39

a sleep inducing drug

Question 40

inhalants

Answer 40

volatile substances, anesthetics, or nitrites that produce inhalable vapors that can have mind altering effects

Question 41

insomnia

Answer 41

difficulty falling or staying asleep

Question 42

orexin

Answer 42

a neurotransmitter that promotes appetite and wakefulness

Question 43

sedative

Answer 43

a drug taken to promote relaxation and calm

Question 44

sudden sniffing death syndrome

Answer 44

sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias after using inhalants

Question 45

Z drugs

Answer 45

nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs often used to treat insomnia (Ambien, Lunesta, and Sonata)