Opioids Flashcards
opiates
drugs that occur naturally from the opium poppy
opioids
natural, semisynthetic, synthetic, or endogenous substances that bind to the opioid receptor
____ is one of the oldest drugs in the world
opium
In the 19th century, Britain went to war against ____ to force them to purchase ___. China lost and had to make significant concessions to the West.
China; opium
Opiate addiction skyrocketed during the nineteenth century due to
the isolation of morphine
the development of the hypodermic syringe
importation of Chinese laborers
war
popularity of patent medicines
____ and ____ factors played a key role in the development of laws against opioid use.
Racial; socioeconomic
Almost __ million Americans age 12 and older report using prescription pain relievers in the past year, and almost __ million people in the United States report misusing these drugs.
83; 10
The ___ of prescription painkillers has greatly increased in the past few decades
nonmedical use
About _____ people report current use of heroin, although some researchers believe that is an underestimation.
431,000
Heroin use among adolescents and young adults may be increasing due to
the availability of cheaper, purer heroin
opium comes from the ___ and contains morphine, codeine, thebaine, and other substances
poppy
____ is synthesized from morphine by adding two acetyl groups- this makes the substance more ___
heroin; lipid-soluble
The _____, _____, and _____ affect opioid actions in the body
routes of administration; lipid solubility; interactions with other substances
Opioid routes of administration
ingestion, absorbed rectally, sublingually, or transdermally; snorted; smoked; or injected
Opioids bind to ___ throughout the body.
opioid receptors
Types of opioid receptors include
mu
delta
kappa
NOP
_____ opioids include enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins
endogenous
Effects of opioids
diminish pain
suppress respiration
decrease gastrointestinal activity
increase sleep
cause euphoria
impair cognitive function
Thousands of people in the United States die each year of an overdose of opioids. Among those age 24-35, __% of deaths were attributable to opioids
20
Opioids are used to treat a number of conditions including
pain relief/analgesic effects
cough suppressants
alleviate diarrhea
The organs are not damaged or destroyed even with long term, heavy use of narcotics. Rather than the direct effects of the drug, it may be the ____ of the addict that is most dangerous.
lifestyle
____, ____, and ____ tolerance, as well as _____ tolerance, develops in chronic opioid users.
Metabolic; cellular; behavioral; cross
Opioids are
addictive
Withdrawal symptoms are typically ____ those of the direct effects of the drug.
opposite
