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Pharmacology Exam 3 > Sedatives and Tranquilizers > Flashcards

Sedatives and Tranquilizers Flashcards

1
Q

phenothiazines

A
  • dopaminergic antagonist: sedation and tranquilization
  • alpha antagonist: peripheral vasodilation
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2
Q

acepromazine maleate

A
  • phenothiazine
  • potent sedative and anxiolytic
  • anti-emetic
  • anti-arrhythmic properties
  • decreases dose of other drugs
  • enhances analgesia of opioids
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3
Q

side effects of ace

A
  • myocardial contractility depression
  • vascular smooth muscle relaxation
    • decrease BP and vasomotor reflex -> vasodilation -> decrease afterload (good)
  • persistent or permanent penile paralysis in horses
  • affects platelet aggregation
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4
Q

Ace and Boxers

A
  • some Boxers seem to have exaggerated response to Ace: very sedated and severely hypotensive
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5
Q

contraindications for Ace

A
  • hypotension/hypovolemia
  • decreased myocardial contractility (DCM)
  • coagulopathies
  • liver and renal diseases?
    • decrease BP, decrease damage to kidney and increase perfusion (need to maintain BP)
  • seizures?
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6
Q

promazine

A
  • phenothiazine (old anti-psychotic)
  • similar to Ace
  • injectable and granules
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7
Q

benzodiazepines

A
  • act on alpha 1, 2 and gamma subunit of GABAA channel
  • sedation
  • anxiolysis
  • muscle relaxation
  • anti-convulsive
  • anterograde amnesia
  • potentially can decrease induction agent requirements
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8
Q

diazepam

A
  • benzodiazepine
  • highly lipid soluble
  • rapidly crosses BBB and placental barrier
  • minimal CV effects
  • half-life 2.5 to 6 hours
  • viscous and light sensitive, binds to plastic
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9
Q

metabolism of diazepam

A
  • hepatic metabolism
  • two active metabolites (dogs and cats)
    • nordiazepam and oxazepam
  • horse urinates metabolites out immediately (not active)
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10
Q

midazolam

A
  • benzodiazepine
  • water soluble due to imidazole ring
    • mixes well with other drugs
  • can be given IM
  • more potent but shorter acting than diazepam
  • similar effects to Diazepam
  • crosses BBB and placental barrier
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11
Q

zolazepam

A
  • benzodiazepine
  • anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant
  • only available in combo with tiletamine (Telazol)
    • most potent benzo in vet med
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12
Q

flumazenil

A
  • benzodiazepine competitive antagonist
  • very weak agonist effect (no anxiety with reversal)
  • used for competitive reversal of benzo agonists
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13
Q

alpha2-adrenergic agonists

A
  • act on pre-synaptic alpha2 receptor in sympathetic system
    • decrease in NE release: sedation, muscle relaxation, vasodilation, pre-synaptic bradycardia
  • also acts on alpha2 receptors postsynaptically
    • mimics NE and EPI: vasoconstrtion and post-synaptic bradycardia
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14
Q

effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists

A
  • anxiolytic
  • sedative and muscle relaxant
  • analgesia
  • decreased ADH release
  • decreased insulin release
  • hypertension followed by hypotension
  • reflex bradycardia
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15
Q

cardiovascular effects of alpha2-adrenergic agonists

A
  • decrease HR
    • hypertension and decrease sympathetic tone
  • decrease CO
    • decrease mycocardial contractily and decrease HR
  • increase and then decrease BP
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16
Q

xylazine

A
  • alpha2 agonist (less selective)
  • more ataxia
  • shorter duration
  • can cause vomiting in dogs and cats
17
Q

detomidine

A
  • alpha2 agonist (still not very selective)
  • profound sedation
  • ataxia
  • longest duration of action
  • approved for use in horses
18
Q

romifidine

A
  • alpha2-agonist (not very selective)
  • good sedation, some muscle relaxant
  • less ataxia
  • may improve quality of recovery in horses
    • adult horses only
  • longer duration of sedation than xylazine
19
Q

dexmedetomidine

A
  • alpha2-agonist (most selective)
  • profound sedation
  • higher HR and CO than with medetomidine
  • may need to intubate some dogs
20
Q

tolazoline

A
  • non-selective alpha antagonist
  • acts also on I2-Imidazoline receptors
  • competitive reversal of alpha2 agonists
    • reverses xylazine in cattle and small ruminants
  • histaminergic antagonistic activity
  • ineffective in captive bears…
21
Q

atipamizole

A
  • alpha2 antagonist (highly specific)
  • used to reverse dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs, cats, and exotic species
  • IM or SC
22
Q

yohimbine

A
  • non-selective alpha antagonist
  • most commonly used to reverse xylazine
  • give only SC or IM
  • can causes seizures at high doses

Pharmacology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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