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Pharmacology Exam 3 > Antacids and Antihistamines > Flashcards

Antacids and Antihistamines Flashcards

1
Q

autacoids

A
  • biological factors which act like hormones
  • short duration of action
  • act near the site of synthesis/release
  • not blood-borne
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2
Q

classes of autacoids

A
  • eicosanoids
    • prostaglandins, leukotriences, thromboxane
    • mediate inflammatory processes
  • polypeptides
    • angiotensin, kinins, substance P
  • decarboxylated amino acids
    • histamine, serotonin
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3
Q

histamine

A
  • synthesized in mast cells (tissue) and basophils (blood), ECL cells and CNS
  • metabolized in liver
  • major mediator of inflammation, anaphylaxis and gastric acid secretion
  • neurotransmitter
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4
Q

H1-antihistamines

A
  • “H1 blockers”
  • first vs. second generation
    • second generation doesn’t cross BBB
  • lipophilicity and selectivity profiles
  • major uses: allergy, itching, nausea, motion sickness and insomnia
  • limited roles in asthma or anaphylaxis
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5
Q

diphenhydramine

A
  • used for:
    • acute allergic reaction
    • antipruritic
    • prevent reactions
    • motion sickness
    • mast cell tumor
  • crosses BBB (1st gen)
  • adverse effects: CNS and anticholinergic
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6
Q

cyproheptadine

A
  • H1 blocker
  • serotonin (5-HTP) antagonist
  • appetite stimulant
  • antipruritic effect?
  • horses: photic head shaking and PPID
  • adverse effects: CNS and anticholinergic
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7
Q

meclizine

A
  • H1 blocker
  • motion sickness and vestibular disease
  • MOA: partially understood
  • antiemetic action through CTZ
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8
Q

H2-Antihistamines

A
  • reversible, competitive antagonists of histamine
  • bine to H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells
  • reduce gastric acid secretion
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9
Q

famotidine (pepcid)

A
  • H2 antagonist
  • most potent and longest half-life
  • first-pass hepatic metabolism
  • no prokinetic or antiemetic activity
  • side effects are uncommon
  • GI effects in healthy dogs?
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10
Q

H3 and H4 Antihistamines

A
  • not approved for clinical use
  • experimental models
  • improve attention and wakefulness
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11
Q

Serotonin

A
  • 5-HT
  • synthesized from tryptophan
  • found in GI tissues (ECL cells), CNS and platelets
  • ECL cell 5-HT is stored in platelets
  • serotonergic projections
    • spinal cord (pain perception, motor control)
    • forebrain (mood, cognition)
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12
Q

serotonin overdose

A
  • neuro signs
    • seizures, depression, tremors, hyperesthesia and ataxia
  • GI signs
    • vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypersalivation
  • other
    • hyperthermia, blindness
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13
Q

amphetamines

A
  • inhibitors of serotonin storage
  • displace 5-HT, dopamine and NE from storage vesicles
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14
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)

A
  • inhibitors of serotonin degradation
  • two main types of MAOI-a and MAOI-b
  • reversible vs. irreversible
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15
Q

selegiline (Anipryl)

A
  • selective MAOI-b, but MAOI-a at high doses
  • treatment of canine cognitive dysfunction
  • increased dopamine activity
  • tx of Cushing’s disease +/- 20%
  • adverse effects: GI signs and CNS
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16
Q

reuptake inhibitors

A
  • net increase in extracellular 5-HT
  • used for tx of anxiety, depression and OCD
  • four classes:
    • TCAs
    • SSRIs
    • SNRIs
    • NRIs
17
Q

clomipramine

A
  • tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
  • only FDA approved drug for dogs
    • tx of OCDs, anxiety and dominance aggressive
  • off-label in cats and birds
18
Q

fluoxetine (prozac)

A
  • selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
  • FDA approved in dogs for tx of separation anxiety in conjuction with behavior modification plan
  • adverse effects: anorexia and seizures
19
Q

mirtazapine

A
  • atypical antidepressant
  • 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 inhibitor
  • central alpha-2 receptor inhibitor (net increase in NE)
  • appetite stimulant
  • anti-emetic
  • adverse effects: drowsiness/sedation, vocalization, tachycardia
20
Q

trazodone

A
  • 5-HT2 inhibitor and SSRI
  • adjunctive anxiolytic
  • tx of hospitalization-related anxiety and post-op recovery
  • adverse effects: GI signs, ataxia, hypotension
  • less CV effects
21
Q

cisapride

A
  • 5-HT4 agonist
  • enhances acetylcholine release
  • prokinetic
  • tx of GI stasis, reflux esophagitis, constipation/megacolon (cats)
  • adverse effects: well tolerated
22
Q

ondansetron (Zofran)

A
  • serotonin receptor antagonist (5-HT3)
  • potent antiemetic
  • receptors in vagal nerve terminals and CTZ
  • controversial use in cats
  • well tolerated in dogs

Pharmacology Exam 3 (9 decks)

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