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Anaesthesia > Sedation > Flashcards

Sedation Flashcards

0
Q

What are the techniques called when there is LOC?

A

Deep sedation

GA

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1
Q

What is the definition of sedation?

A

A technique using drug/s to produce a state of CNS depression enabling treatment to be carried out but retain verbal contact (or normal means of contact) with the patient throughout the sedation period. The drugs used to carry out conscious sedation should have a wide safety margin to render LOC unlikely

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2
Q

What are the medical indicators for sedation?

A 
Conditions which are aggravated by the stress of dental treatment eg
IHD
Hypertension
Asthma
Epilepsy
Psychosomatic illness 
UC
Crohns 
Conditions which affect co-operation
Parkinson's/learning difficulties/spasticity disorders
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3
Q

What are the categories that indicate sedation is required?

A

Medical
Psychosocial
dental

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4
Q

What are the psychosocial indications for sedation?

A

Phobia
Gagging
Persistant fainting
Idiosyncrasy to LA

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5
Q

What is a phobia?

A

an irrational and uncontrollable fear which is related to a specific object or situation
it is persistant despite avoidance of the provoking stimulus and has a direct effect on the patients lifestyle

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6
Q

What are the causes of dental anxiety?

A 
trauma: primary traumatic experience/may be cumulative
Transference: parental/peers
helplessness
dress code
invasion of body orifice
lack of communication
age
development
SES
Gender
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7
Q

What are the dental indications for sedation?

A

surgical extraction of wisdom teeth
ortho extrcation
implants
(unpleasant situations)

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8
Q

What are the broad categories for the contra-indications to sedation?

A

Medical
social
Dental

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9
Q

What are the medical contra-indications to sedation?

A 
severe uncontrolled systemic disase
severe enta or physical handicap
svere psychatric problems
narcolepsy
hypthyroidism
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10
Q

What are the social contr-indications to sedation?

A

Unwilling
unco-operative
unaccompanied
Very old

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11
Q

What are the dental contr-indications to sedation?

A

Procedure too difficult for LA alone
Procedure too long
spreading infection (airway threatening)
Procedure too traumatic

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12
Q

What are the medical contr-indications to sedation with benzodiazepines?

A 
Intracranial pathology
COPD
Myasthenia Gravis
Hepatic insufficiency
Pregnancy and lactation
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13
Q

What are the medical contra-indications to inhalational sedation?

A

blocked nasal airway
COPD
Pregnancy

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14
Q

What are the requirements of an ideal sedative agent?

A 
Anxiolysis
Analgesic
No effect on CNS
No effect on respiratory
Not metabolised
Easy and quick to change level of sedation
Reversible
No-interaction with other drugs
Long shelf life
Cheap
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15
Q

What is the definition of pharmacodynamic?

A

the effect of the drug on the body

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16
Q

What is the definition of pharmacokinetic?

A

what the body does to the drug

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17
Q

T/F the pharmacodyanmics of BZD drugs are the same for all

A

T

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18
Q

T/F the pharmkinetic action of the BZD are the same?

A

F. they have different potencies (receptor affinity), half lives and presence of active metabolites

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19
Q

What are the actions of BZD with increasing doses?

A

Anxiolysis, Anticonvulsion, slight sedation, amnesia, intense sedation, muscle relaxation, anaesthesia (in order of effect of increasing dose)

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20
Q

What is the first effect of sedation?

A

anxiolysis

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21
Q

What is sedation?

A

decreased response to constant stimuli

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22
Q

Which two drug groups are anticonvulsant?

A

sedatives and hypnotics

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23
Q

What is the effect of BZD on amnesia?

A

IV BZD gives anterograde amnesia, most intense for 20-30 minutes however this has an unpredictable duration

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24
Q

T/F BZD are analgesic?

A

F

they may influence the response to pain but they are not analgesic

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for BZD?

A

two mechanisms of action

  1. BZD act on GABA receptors to enhance the effect of GABA
  2. mimic the effect of glycine
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26
Q

Where are the GABA receptors located?

A

cerebral cortex

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28
Q

where are the glycine receptors?

A

brainstem and spinal cord

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29
Q

What effect do BDZ have on motor circuits ?

A

they act as anticonvulsants

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30
Q

What is the effect of BDZ on the cortex?

A

they cause sedation

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31
Q

What peripheral sites have BZD receptors?

A

myocardium
Kidney
Adrenals

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32
Q

What are the side effects of BZD on respiration?

A

depression

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33
Q

What are the side effects of BZD on CNS?

A

depression

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34
Q

What are the side effects of BZD on muscle?

A

relaxation

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35
Q

What are the side effects of BZD on cerbral response to CO2?

A

decreases repsonse to CO2

36
Q

T/F BZD interact synergiystically with opiods?

A

T

37
Q

In which group of patients are the effects of BZD enhanced in?

A

those with chronic bronchitis

38
Q

What is the effect of BZD on the cardiovascualr system?

A

they cause a reduction in BP by reducing vascular resistance and heart rate then increases via the barareceptor reflex

39
Q

T/F BDZ have a direct effect on the baroreceptor reflex

A

F

40
Q

Which drugs to BDZ interact with?

A

ketoconazoles, erhythro with midalzolam
opioids
CNS depressants

41
Q

What is the effect of BZD with CNS depressants?

A

enhanced resp depression

42
Q

List the side effects of BZD

A 
sexual fantasy
respiratoy depression
drug interactions
decreased cerbral response to CO2
muscle and CNS relaxation
43
Q

When do sexual fantasies begin to occur?

A

with midazolam doses of more than 0.1mg/kg

44
Q

who do sexual fantasies occur more in, males or females?

A

equal across both genders

45
Q

WHat are the unwanted side effects of BDZ?

A

tolerance

dependance

46
Q

What does the term tolerance refer to?

A

patients that are taking BDZ become tolerant to their effects

47
Q

What does the term dependance refer to?

A

long term oral administration causes addiction and patients will experience withdrawl reactions when they stop taking BZD

48
Q

How long does it take people to become dependant on midazaolam?

A

this can be activated after a single administration

49
Q

How can an actute withdrawl occurr following BDZ use?

A

by using BZD antagonists

50
Q

How can BDZ be adminstered?

A

orally
IV
Transmucosal

51
Q

T/F midazolam is water soluble

A

T

52
Q

T/F midazolam is only water solubale above pH 4.0

A

F below pH 4.0

53
Q

What group of BZD does midazolam come under?

A

imadazoBZD

54
Q

at physiological pH is midaz water or lipid soluble?

A

lipid

55
Q

What is the consequence of midazolams lipid solubulity ?

A

it can cross the BBB

56
Q

t/F midazolam has no rebound sedation

A

T

57
Q

What is the half life for midazolam?

A

90-150mins

58
Q

T/F midazolam has active metabolites?

A

T

59
Q

What is the name of the active metabolote of midazolam?

A

hydroxymidazolam

60
Q

WHat is the half life of hydroxymidazolam?

A

1.25hours

61
Q

What size ampoule and why do we use of midazolam?

A

5mg/5ml

this is easier to titrate

62
Q

where is midazolam metabolosed?

A

in the liver but also extra hepatic

63
Q

What is the effect of liver disease on midazolam half life?

A

not a great affect when compared to other BDZ

64
Q

How does renal disease affect midazolam pharmakokinetics?

A

it has not effect in an acute administration

65
Q

What is the name of the BDZ antagonist used?

A

Flumazenil anexate

66
Q

What type of BDZ is Flumazenil-Anexate?

A

It is an imadazoBDZ

67
Q

what are the features of FLumazenil?

A

it has a high receptor affinity and low intrinsic action

68
Q

How does Flumazenil work?

A

It competitively displaces active BDZ from receptor sites

69
Q

What is the half life of flumzenil?

A

53 mins

70
Q

Why is there residual sedation following usage of flumazenil with midazolam?

A

because the half life of flumazenil is 53 mins comapred to midazolam which is 90-150mins.

71
Q

What are the indications to using flumazenil?

A

reversal of sedation in an emergency

72
Q

What are the contraindications to using fluamzenil?

A

allergy to BDZ
pateints taking BDZ in epilepsy
Patients that are dependant on BDZ

73
Q

Which agent is used for inhalational sedation?

A

Nitrous Oxide

74
Q

What are the clinical effects of Nitrous Oxide?

A
  1. causes CNS depression without respiratory or vasomotor paralysis
  2. Analgesic
75
Q

What are the clincal effects of NO?

A

Euphoria
Anxiolysis
Analgesia
Time compression

76
Q

By what mechanism does NO produce analgesia?

A

same mechanism as opiods

77
Q

What are the physical properties of NO?

A 
colourless
sweet smelling
non irritant
one and half times heavier than air (specific gravity 1.53)
supports combustion
78
Q

What can you not use in combination with NO?

A

elctrosurgery

79
Q

How soluble is NO in blood? and what effect does this have on how it is carried in the body?

A

poorly

it is carried in simple solution

80
Q

T/F there is rapid equilibration of NO between blood and air?

A

T

81
Q

Under what pressure does NO exist as a liquid?

A

800psi
43.5bar
21degrees celcius

82
Q

How potent is NO compared to other anaesthetic gases?

A

least potent

83
Q

How is potency in terms of drugs expressed? And what does this mean

A

MAC
minimal alveolar concentration
This is the inspired concentration if an agent which will abolish the response to a surgical stimulus in 50% of pateints

84
Q

T/F NO is eliminated as an unchanged drug through the lungs?

A

T

85
Q

What are the side effects of NO pollution?

A

decreased fertility
decreased red blood cell synthesis via vitamin B12
Neurological effects
Liver

86
Q

What must be in place when using NO in sedation?

A

You must have a scavenging system

87
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Where there is loss in ability to create memories after the event has taken place

Anaesthesia (11 decks)

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