Secular Leaders + wider impact

Question 1

Rulers in Spain

Answer 1

Church continued to be strengthened under Ferdinand (d. 1516) + Isabella, link of church and state inspire by reconquista tradition, supported reformers like Cisneros

Question 2

Rulers in England

Answer 2

1534 made Supreme head of Church in England (Gustavas Vasa royal supremacy of Swedish Church 1537)
Henry VIII (1509-1547) saw clerics as crown servants eg. patronage of Cardinal Wolsey (personified abuses of absenteeism/pluralism)
supported Franciscan reform when it did not affect secular interests -> 1547 died

Question 3

Rulers in France

Answer 3

Preoccupied w/ war + politics, Francis I exploited Concordat of Bologna 1516 to gain more influence of French church

Cardinal Georges D’amboise made papal legate 1501 w/ purpose of reforming branch of Franciscans, but Italian Wars absorbed attention + cash

Question 4

Rulers in Holy Roman Empire

Answer 4

Decentralised in nature w/ existence of Prince-Bishops, Gravamina 1510 reflected grievances of church nobility

Question 5

What bull did Alexander uphold which responded to implications of the ‘new world’?

Answer 5

Inter Caetera - papal protection of indigenous peoples, 1493 extended by Julius II 1508

Question 6

Situation in Spain

Answer 6

Spain strong position: 1478 Spanish Inquisition + Cisneros reforms monastic orders 1495, 1520s conquest of new world (religious zeal), 1521 ban on Lutheran writings

Question 7

Situation in England

Answer 7

Supportive monarch
1511 Henry supported Julius II via Holy League, 1521 published writings against Lutheranism, but split w/ Church 1534 due to secular reasons
1536 dissolution of monasteries

Question 8

Situation in France

Answer 8

Monarchy poor relationship w/ papacy, sought control 1516 Concordat of Bologna, involved in war from 1527 whilst prot grows steadily -> Day of Placards 1534

Question 9

What was art and culture like c. 1490?

Answer 9

Doom Paintings +
1490s Botticelli ‘Adoration of the Magi’ blasphemous + renaissance symbolism

Legitimacy of relics questioned

Question 10

Situation in Poland

Answer 10

Competition with Orthodox church, religious haven for all dissidents by mid 50s

Question 11

Missions to New World

Answer 11

Hernan Cortes + Aztecs 1519
Pizarro + Incas 1531
1 million conversions by 1531

1520s Franciscans + Dominicans aid conversion