Section G Regulation of Insurance: NAIC Solvency Flashcards

1
Q

List the US Insurance Regulatory Mission

A

Protect the interests of the policyholder and those who rely on the insurance coverage provided to the policyholder first and foremost, while also facilitating the financial stability and reliability of insurance institutions for an effective and efficient marketplace for insurance products.

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2
Q

What approach did regulators determine is the best way to achieve this Regulatory Mission

A

Combining Financial Regulation and Market Regulation

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3
Q

Three stages of Financial Regulation

A

1️⃣ Mitigate/eliminate risks via restrictions on insurer’s activities

2️⃣ Use financial tools and oversight to work with insurers to implement corrective actions

3️⃣ Provide a backstop of financial protection in the event of a receivership

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4
Q

List and briefly describe three types of receivership

A

🧰 Conservation = safeguard the insurer’s assets while the regulator determines the best course of action

🛠 Rehabilitation = a tool to fix the problems, protect assets, run off the liabilities or prepare for liquidation

🕵🏼‍♀️ Liquidation = identify the creditors and distribute the assets

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5
Q

Briefly define Market Regulation

A

Analysis/ oversight of insurer’s behavior in the market

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6
Q

What do regulators look at during Market Regulation

A

🤝 Treatment if policyholders & claimants in product development and pricing

👥 Competition

📊 Statistical reporting

🛒 Administration of residual markets

🧾 Licensing of insurance producers

📇 Consumer assistance and information services

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7
Q

List some factors that influence the optimum level of regulation

A

💸 Costs and benefits of regulation

🤝 Fair and equitable treatment of insurance consumers

💰💪🏼 Financial stability and reliability of insurance institutions

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8
Q

List some factors that we can consider when assessing the level of regulatory success

A

▫️ Frequency and extent that the regulation helped by identifying and correcting the insurer’s problems before they caused harm to policyholders and claimants

▫️ Frequency of insolvencies and payments to policyholders in those insolvencies

▫️ Effective and efficient rehabilitation actions

▫️ Market health

▫️ Levels if competition

▫️ Perceived and actual cost-benefit of regulation

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9
Q

List three points to support the argument that the US regulatory system has been “successful”:

A

💪🏼📋There is a strong track record of protecting consumers and overseeing solvency

💪🏼🇺🇸There is strong depth and breadth of the US insurance industry

🔘🗂Capacity if the insurance guaranty system

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10
Q

List the components of “Requisite Authority”:

A

🗄Legal basis

📰Independence and accountability

🦸🏻‍♂️Adequate powers

💵Financial resources

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦Human resources

👩🏼‍⚖️Legal protection

🤫Confidentiality

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11
Q

How can regulators effectively regulate in a market as big as the US insurance market

A

Regulators need to adopt a risk focused approach, where they focus on the greatest risk that insurers are exposed to.

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12
Q

List two unique features of US insurance regulation

A

1️⃣ Extensive system of peer review, communication and collaborative effort: commissioners can question the actions of another DOI and pressure that DOI to act

2️⃣ Diversity of perspective results in centrist solutions: Overregulation harms consumers, whereas under regulation harms consumers and taxpayers

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13
Q

Seven core principles of the US Insurance Financial Solvency Framework

A

1️⃣ Regulatory reporting, disclosure and transparency

2️⃣ Off-site monitoring and analysis

3️⃣ On-site risk focused examinations

4️⃣ Reserves, capital adequacy and solvency

5️⃣ Regulatory control of significant, broad-based risk-related transactions/activities

6️⃣ Preventive and corrective measures including enforcement

7️⃣ Exiting the market and receivership

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14
Q

Briefly describe Principle 1 (regulatory reporting, disclosure and transparency)

A

Insurers regularly provide standardized financial reports to regulators to help assess risk and financial condition

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15
Q

List some qualitative disclosures contained in the reports provided to regulators

A

❓Interrogatories

📝 Notes to the financial statements

🗣 Management’s discussion and analysis

🔵 SAO

🧾 Annual audit option (from the CPA)

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16
Q

Why are insurers subject to market discipline

A

Insurance reporting is very transparent: consumers can access the annual and quarterly statements. The market discipline will arise from analysis by the industry, financial markets and public.

17
Q

Main purpose of off-site solvency monitoring

A

Assess the financial condition of the insurer on an on-going basis and also to identify and assess current and prospective risks

18
Q

What type of information do regulators use in the off site monitoring (in addition to the regulatory financial reports and financial tools)

A
📁CPA audit reports
📃Results of the most recent on-site regulatory financial exam
🗂SEC filings
📂Corporate reports
🧾Financial statements of controlling companies
📊Market conduct report
🗃Rate and form filings
🤦🏼‍♀️Consumer complaints
📁Independent rating agency reports
🗣Correspondence from agents and insurers
19
Q

List some items that are elevated during the on-site exams

A

📜Corporate governance
👨🏻‍💻Management oversight
💪🏼Financial strength
⚖️Risk identification and mitigation

20
Q

In what cases can the regulators perform exams more often than every five years

A

The regulators may perform more frequent exams of insurers who are subject to a higher level of financial risk. These more frequent exams may focus only on a specific risk.

21
Q

Two purposes of the on-site exams

A

1️⃣ Evaluate the solvency of the insurers, based on the view of the strengths and weaknesses

2️⃣ Develop a prospective view of the insurer’s risks and risk management practices

22
Q

What type of information is included in the public exam report

A

👨🏻‍💻 Assessment of financial condition

📃 Details about any of the material adverse findings from the exam

📑 May include required corrective actions, improvements, recommendations

23
Q

Two reasons that the insurer needs to hold surplus in addition to reserves

A

1️⃣ The resources can cover the policyholder obligations in most future economic scenarios

2️⃣ There are sufficient resources for the regulator to be able to suggest or take corrective action in the case that an adverse trend is detected

24
Q

List some transactions or activities that affect the policyholders’ interests that require regulatory approval:

A

📃 Licensing requirements

👨🏻‍💼 Change in control

💳 Dividends

🤝 Transactions with affiliates

📇 Reinsurance

25
Q

Purpose of the preventive/corrective measures that regulators can take, based on the risks identified during the on-site and offsite regulatory monitoring

A

Correct problems to prevent insolvencies

26
Q

List some preventative/corrective measures that regulators can take, based on the risks identified during the on-site and offsite regulatory monitoring:

A

📑 Requiring the insurer to provide and updated business plan

🗂 Requiring the insurer to file interim financial reports

🚫📉 Prohibiting the insurer from certain investments or investment practices

⛔️ Restricting or suspending the business that can be written or renewed

💸 Ordering an increase to the capital and surplus

📜 Ordering an insurer to correct corporate governance practice deficiencies

👥 Requiring replacement of senior management

⚖️ Seeking a court order to place the insurer under conservatism, rehabilitation, liquidation

27
Q

Two reasons that receivership laws exist

A

1️⃣ Prevent insolvencies

2️⃣ Minimize losses and protect policyholders before/during an insolvency

28
Q

List four alternatives to the insolvency that regulators will consider

A

1️⃣ Mergers or acquisitions

2️⃣ Reinsurance arrangements

3️⃣ Non-renewal of part or all the business

4️⃣ Placing the insurer into run-off mode

29
Q

The US financial regulatory system consists of a three stage process.

List the three stages:

A

1️⃣ Regulators limit/ eliminate risks via restrictions and prior approval requirements

2️⃣ Financial oversight

3️⃣ Regulatory backstops and safeguards (guaranty funds and RBC)

30
Q

Why did regulators begin to oversee and restrict insurer investments

A

In the 90s, several insolvencies were caused by high risk investments. To help reduce insolvencies, regulators began to oversee and restrict insurer investments.

31
Q

Compare the “defined limits approach” to the “define standards approach”

A

📊 Defined Limits approach: limits on the amount that can be invested in different assets

💸 Defined Standards approach: insurers need to follow a “prudent person” approach, where they are given more flexibility as long as they follow a sound investment plan

32
Q

What is the most common cause for regulator intervention in the operation of the insurer

A

Hazardous financial condition

☣️💰

33
Q

List some factors that may lead a regulator to believe that a company is in a hazardous financial condition

A

🕵🏼 Adverse findings in financial analysis or exams, audit, actuarial opinion, cash flow and liquidity analysis

⌛️Insolvency of the insurer’s reinsurer or within the insurer’s holding company system

🤡😈👨🏻‍💼 Finding of incompetent or unfit management

🤥 Failure to provide accurate information

☣️ Any other findings determined to be hazardous to policyholders, creditors or general public

34
Q

Three goals of assessing the financial condition of an insurer

A

🧐 Identify potential adverse financial indicators as quickly as possible

🕵🏻‍♂️ Evaluate and understand the problems more efficiently

👷🏻‍♂️Develop corrective plans sooner, in order to decrease the frequency and severity of insolvencies

35
Q

Three components of the risk focused surveillance by regulators

A

👨🏻‍💻 Financial analysis

👩🏼‍⚕️Financial examination

👨🏽‍🔧 Supervisory plan development

36
Q

List four priorities of SMI

A

📄Create a document that articulates the US insurance regulatory system

🧐 Examine international developments for potential use in the US

📋 Comply with International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) and Insurance Core Principles (ICP)

🌎 Apply lessons from the global financial crisis

37
Q

What does the federal Non-admitted and Reinsurance Reform Act (NRRA) prohibit:

A

Prohibits a state from denying credit for reinsurance, if the domiciliary state:

▫️ Has recognized credit for reinsurance, and

▫️ Is an NAIC accredited state

38
Q

List another rule listed in NRRA

(in addition to prohibiting a state from denying credit for reinsurance)

A

Assigns the domiciliary state the sole responsibility for regulating the reinsurer’s financial solvency.

39
Q

List some criteria that reinsurers need to meet to be eligible for/ maintain certification

A

💪🏼 Financial strength

⏰ Timely claims payment history

🧾 Requirement that insurer is domiciled and licensed in a “qualified jurisdiction”