Section C- All topics Flashcards
Discuss the suggestion that technology is improving the experience of the performer and spectator in modern day sport. (14 marks)
Agree/advantages A. Improved facilities/equipment/clothing/footwear/improved access due to cost reduction B. Applied example linked to point A C. Adapted equipment/prosthetics allow disabled athletes to compete D. Improved analysis of performance/testing more accurate/GPS tracking information E. Better rehabilitation techniques/injury prevention techniques F. Enhanced player welfare/replays allow punishments for foul play G. Improved standards of performance/more records broken H. Scoring more accurate/helps officials make correct decisions/timing more accurate I. Rules adapted to use technology more effectively J. Increasing crowd or performer interaction with decisions e.g. Hawkeye or equiv. K. Increased crowd interaction with the official e.g. refcam/ref-link or equiv. L. Different sports can make choices about type of technology they wish to use e.g. goal line technology M. Allows for globalisation/world audience/increased access to spectate N. (Example of increased viewing access) e.g. digital viewing/video streaming/3D TV/HD TV/social media/use of smart phones to watch matches O. Can be used to counter/simulate extreme climatic conditions P. Drug testing more efficient Q. Security can be improved at venue Disagree/disadvantages R. Increased costs/pressure for new stadiums/facilities/ expensive to install S. Constant record breaking reduces spectator interest T. Poorer countries/sports/performers at a disadvantage if technology not available U. Technology not always accurate/breaks down V. Use of technology takes away ‘human’ element of luck/decisions/traditional nature of sport W. Officials avoid immediate decisions/officials over reliant on technology X. Sport less spontaneous/Breaks in play for decisions spoils experience Y. Drug testing struggles to keep pace with new technology Z. Increased/live media coverage can lower attendance at events/illegal streaming of matches AA.Conflict between governing bodies and manufacturers e.g. illegal golf clubs.
No requirement to identify if answer related to performer or spectator ‘sports science’ or ‘sports medicine’ too vague ‘hawkeye’ can be used several times in different contexts Focus of question is on impact of technology rather than sponsorship and commercialisation.
Explain the factors that led to the emergence of national governing bodies, such as the Football Association, during the 19th century? [4 marks]
marks for 4 of: A. ‘Old boys’/Blues/Public school boys – left schools/universities and wanted to continue playing their sports B. Middle classes - wanted control / moral force in society tended to form clubs and NGB C. Participation/clubs developed – needed an overriding organisation to organise competitions/control – administration structure / development of leagues / Cup competitions/ international competitions D. Need for rules/codification of rules – to establish nationally recognised set of rules/growth of rational recreation / code of practise/previously variation in rules E. Amateur and professional/eligibility – development of ‘professional’ codes led to increased number of NGB’s, e.g. Rugby Union-Rugby League F. Exclusion – e.g. working classes often excluded on amateur grounds /women often excluded/banned
Factors must be explained, not just stated Accept appropriate alternative explanations for each factor Focus of question is establishment of NGB not spread of rational recreation
Outline the role and purpose of a national governing body in modern day sport.
[3 marks]
A. Increase participation/ grass roots to elite B. Responsible for individual sports C. Liaise with ISF/International Sports Federation D. Ensure rules are followed in their sport/handle misconduct E. Organise competitions / coaching / facilities F. Select national teams G. Liaise with other organisations e.g. UK Sport/BOA/SE H. Carry out policies such as government /UK Sport etc. /equal opportunities I. Whole Sport Plans / Long Term Athlete Development / Talent Identification J. Access funding/distribute funding
Pt D- no not accept ‘create the rules
Other than for the physiological benefits, outline the reasons sport performers take performance enhancing drugs.
A. Increased training drive/aggression/confidence B. Perception ‘if you don’t take it you won’t make it’/ increase/others are taking them/peer pressure/ or equiv. C. Rewards for success so great/fame/win ethic D. Institutionalised doping/forced to take drugs
Question focus is not on ‘physiological benefits’
Explain the problems faced by sporting organisations when implementing a ban on the use of performance enhancing drugs. [5 marks]
A. Difficulty in accurate testing/masking agents/ new drugs/ difficult to keep testing up to date/cheats always one step ahead of testers B. Some drugs used for medical reasons/ difficulty in classifying drugs C. Athletes motivated to take drugs as high rewards available/ Lack of support from sponsors when athletes banned D. Illegal support provided by some NGBs/coaches/ countries/fellow competitors E. Inconsistent policies for testing or punishments/countries have different policies/sports governing bodies have different policies F. Cost of testing expensive/time consuming G. Legal challenge to positive results H. Difficulty gaining access to athletes for testing/ out-ofseason testing difficult I. Difficultly in issuing an appropriate ban/clean athletes may be banned e.g. Russian athletes in the Rio Olympics
Explain the term sportsmanship and outline how it is encouraged and maintained at the highest level of sport. [4 marks]
4 marks for 4 of: sub max of 1 mark for the explanation A. (Sportsmanship) playing by the unwritten rules / code of ethics/contract to compete/fair play/etiquette/ or accept suitable examples Encouraging and maintaining B. (Penalties) - bookings/free kicks/ sin bin/bans/fines or equivalent C. Fair play awards / allocation of place in major event based on disciplinary record D. Clubs fined / points deducted/matches played behind closed doors / spectators banned from watching E. Code of conduct/campaigns/ Olympic Oath/Olympic Ideal/Fair Play Charter/use of role models F. Drug testing
Pt A do not accept ‘written rules’ Pt E – do not accept ‘contract to compete’
State how the law can protect elite performers. [3 marks]
A. (On field of play) Opposition player fouls/protection from violent spectators B. (Off field of play) contracts with employers/administration of wages/assets/Bosman ruling/Court of Arbitration for Sport C. Sponsorship deals/commercial deals D. Protection from media intrusion into private life/privacy law E. Child protection laws F. Protection from racism/sexism/disability/equal opportunities G. Health and safety requirements/negligence laws
Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism, and their positive impact on 19th century and modern day sport. [14 marks]
Amateurism A. Taking part in sport for the love of it / no monetary gain B. Participation/process more important than winning C. Encourages socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals / abide by rules of sport/fairplay/sportsmanship D. Discourages deviant behaviour e.g. cheating / match fixing etc E. Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards F. 19th century – amateur middle or upper class /amateurs revered the ‘all-rounder’ G. Today can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship / SportsAid H. Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts /not seen as a commodity/no contractual obligations I. (Amateurism) inclusive / not always based on ability / less pressure/can perform at all levels/experience lots of sports/ can perform at grass roots to elite level J. ‘open’ championships – amateurs can still compete against professionals – just not win the money e.g. golf K. Eligibility codes protect amateurs from competing against professionals L. Olympic Games – biggest competition in the world maintained exclusive amateurism for over a century / still have the oath – keeping moral focus in the Games M. Amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g. boxing, golf etc Professionalism N. (Professionalism) – earning money from sport/broken time payments O. 19th century sport became a business/amateur paid for professionals/upper class were patrons P. 19th century from the working class Q. Train full time R. So standards improve S. As winning is critical/win ethic T. Encourages spectator sport / better spectacle for spectators U. 19th century occupied the masses / social control V. Olympic Games – do now accept some professional performers e.g. basketball General point W. Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional X. Ethics/moral codes still evident in amateur and professional sports today Y. NGB’s formed Z. Today injection of money / commercialisation – TV rights etc allows NGB’s to invest in grass roots / economic benefit to country/sport benefits/country benefits AA.Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics/difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional NB – Focus of question is on benefits NOT negative aspects
What is the role and purpose of national Institutes of Sport? [3 marks]
A. designed to foster the talents of Britain’s elite athletes/medal count B. Sports science/sports medicine/support applied physiology/ biomechanics/medical consultation/ medical screening/nutritional advice/performance analysis/psychology/podiatry/strength and conditioning/ sports massage/sports vision / technology/research and innovation C. Work in multi-disciplinary teams to develop athletes / support coaches and Performance Directors D. The Performance Lifestyle programmes / career and education advice/ACE E. Olympic & Paralympic sports / some non-Olympic sports eg Premier League football F. Address issues of under-represented groups / some community focus G. Work with: [need at least 1 example] NGB/sport partners / UK Sport/Sport England or equivalent named organisation
The contract to compete has the following four key components:
• abide by the written rules
• abide by the unwritten rules • give 100% effort
• allow opponents to show skill.
Discuss the continued relevance of the contract to compete for elite performers in today’s society. [4 marks]
Still relevant A. (on field of play) without rules sport would be dysfunctional / officials are there to enforce the rules / sport is a contests based on operating within a rule structure e.g. punish professional foul B. fair play is an important concept / still have Fair Play awards/ respect for opponents still encouraged e.g. shake hands / Olympic Ideal C. if people don’t try hard enough there is no satisfaction / elite athletes are publicly funded so should always try their hardest /role models are expected to uphold standards D. (off field of play) methods in place to ensure rules enforced/performers receive bans to ensure others can compete and show skill e.g. for doping/violent play/compulsory drug tests/biological passport or equiv. Not relevant E. athletes should try to win at any cost / Lombardian ethic / winning has become more important / a lot at stake/ gamesmanship F. concept belongs to a past age/ middle class concept from 19th century/ athletes should only have to abide by written rules / different cultures have different interpretations – different values G. athlete schedules are physically and mentally punishing – can’t always give 100% / enter weaker team due to more important fixture in the future H. more performers taking drugs/ display violence/disrespect officials/more deviancy
Explain the impact of each of the following social and cultural factors on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century: • urbanisation • public provision • communications. [7 marks]
7 marks for 7 of: A. Regular/written rules eg numbers-boundaries/skill based/ spectator/tactical/ development of facilities/equipment/began with middle classes/opposite of popular recreation or equiv. Urbanisation B. Lack of space = popular recreation/mob games/ old pastimes lost/ new ones developed /rational recreation C. Need for masses to be occupied/more free time and money = stadiums built for spectator sport/increase in spectators/town parks D. Factories developed/churches = teams/ more teams led to regular competition Public provision E. Government Acts/Municipal Reform Act 1837 / local authority provision = provision of parks and baths F. provision of parks and baths/public facilities = to improve health and hygiene of working classes G. middle class = approval and encouragement of certain sports/banned mob games/social control/morals or equiv. Communications H. Media/newspapers/printing press/steam press = raised awareness of sport / role models I. Railways/transport/canals = transported teams / spectators / regional – national – international / seaside/countryside / Romantic movement / spread around British Empire J. Roads developing = helped activities such as cycling
Pt A. Explanation of rational recreation Marks can be awarded for explanation of impact linked to different factors.
Suggest reasons to support the argument for legalising drugs in sport today. [4 marks]
4 marks for 4 of: A. Drugs can be masked/ occur naturally in body / EPO / gene doping/found in common medication B. Drugs so easily available/impossible to illuminate use of drugs C. Overall low rate of testing / inaccurate results / cheats one step ahead of testers D. (negative impact of poor testing) affects performers reputation/careers/sponsorship deals or equiv. E. Drugs if regulated are not so harmful / labs could be encouraged to produce safe performance enhancers F. if everyone could take them it would become a level playing field G. Limited resources could be better employed e.g. to detect harmful drugs/develop elite sport in other ways H. Drugs are necessary to recover from the gruelling training I. Other technological advantages aren’t regulated against e.g. biomechanics/nutrition/oxygen tents or equiv. J. Sports and countries have different rules K. Individuals have the right to choose / it’s their body L. Spectators or supporters not disappointed by role models
Do not accept ‘makes sport more interesting/exciting etc.’ – irrelevant Pt G –‘to save money’ too vague
Explain why an elite performer should consider the nature of a sponsor and their products before accepting a sponsorship deal. [3 marks]
3 marks for 3 of: A. the performer is a role model for others B. sport performers therefore have a social duty to others/human rights/unethical manufacturing of goods C. commercial support depends upon the image of the performer D. linking to a product that does not reflect the nature of sport/healthy life styles/ e.g. links to tobacco companies or alcohol/junk food E. may endanger future commercial support F. bring criticism to the performer/bad reputation G. benefits one sponsor will bring compared to another e.g. level of income/publicity H. Level of control exerted by sponsor/commitment/expectation e.g. public appearance or equiv.
Discuss the suggestion that doping is necessary at elite level and outline the strategies sporting organisations use to limit the use of banned substances by performers. [14 marks]
Agree A. Enhances physical/psychological attributes/increases chances of winning/better standards of performance/ perception to keep up with other athletes/balance playing field B. Train longer/recover quicker C. Other technological aids are used/doping can be viewed as another training aid D. If properly monitored not as great a health risk as people think E. People should be free to choose F. Institutionalised/encouraged use by coaches or equiv. G. Many banned substances are available legally/may be naturally occurring in the body eg some athletes will have higher testosterone than others H. Testing not always accurate/can’t detect new substances Disagree I. Health risks J. Unfair advantage/against ‘contract to compete’/cheating/negative deviancy K. Not all performers have access to doping methods/ensures level playing field for all performers/some are successful without using drugs L. Consequences if caught eg shame/loss of earnings/poor image of sport M. Negative role models for children N. Encourages drug taking from early on/more athletes/perception ‘if you don’t take it, you won’t make it’/peer pressure to take drugs Strategies O. Random/out of season testing /no warning tests/ testing P. Reform/devise structured approach/strong anti-doping culture/clear guidelines on website/’100% ME’ campaign Q. Better coordination between organisations/shared policies/policies eg WADA/World Anti-Doping code/NADO/UK Sport Ethics Department or equiv R. Education programmes for athletes/coaches S. Punishments/life bans/strip guilty athletes of medals T. More funding for testing programmes/improved technology for testing/ testing centres U. Use of positive/negative role models/name and shame V. Funding/sponsorship received by athlete to be returned if found guilty/ contracts contain clauses if caught doping W. Use of athlete biological passport X. Use of the media to portray an appropriate image/sports marketing expert
Must be clear whether agreeing or disagreeing A. accept examples of physiological advantages L. Only credit if clearly referring to consequences (rather than strategies), eg if caught V, S Only credit if clearly referring to strategies (rather than consequences), eg reduce by…
Identify five characteristics of a World Games [3 marks]
A. Elite performers/international performers B. Pre-qualification required/selection process C. Multi-sport and single sport D. Amateur and professional E. Able bodied and disabled performers F. National showpiece/pride/political statement/shop window effect G. High level of commercialisation/sponsorship H. Cultural/social benefit/Olympic spirit/ideals/bringing people together I. Opening/Closing ceremonies J. High quality facilities K. Volunteers/Games Makers L. Worldwide coverage/global media coverage/global audience/equiv
Points C, D, & E must have both characteristics to be awarded mark G – ‘media coverage’ too vague G and L – comments must infer extensive
