Section B Flashcards

Question

Functional Effects of Consequences (2)

Answer 1

- Effect can have an immediate, yet temporary effect (Ex. You stop drinking sour milk immediately, but still drink milk in the future) - Effect can have delayed, yet more long-term effect (Ex. You eat dairy and get a stomach, you avoid dairy going forward)

Answer 2

Share common topographies and/or common relative relations - Infinte # of stimuli, created by stimulus generalization - Ex. Concept of a cat, concept of a hours, concept of a tree, etc.

Answer 3

Evoke the same response but do not share physical stimulus features - Limited # of stimuli, created by stimulus equivalence - Ex. 50%, 0.5, half, 1/2 - Ex. Fruit - Apple, banana, pear

Answer 4

1. Respondent 2. Operant

Answer 5

1. Respondent Behavior 2. Respondent Conditioning

Answer 6

- Involuntary elicited behavior (UR) by an antecedent (US) - Phylogenic = Genetically inherited behavior (Ex. Gag reflex) - Rarely changes in ones lifetime, however HABITUATION - AKA: Reflex; Reflexive Relations; US-UR

Answer 7

- Reflex - Reflexive Relations - US-UR

Answer 8

When an US is present repeatedly over a short period of time, the strength of the respondent behavior diminishes

Answer 9

When neutral stimuli achieve the capacity to elicit respondent behaviors - Conditioning = Pairing (Not Learning) - Ex. You eat fish and vomits, after this whenever you smell fish you become nauseous (CS smell of fish - CR nausea) AKA: Classical and Pavlovian Conditioning; SS Pairing; CS-CR

Answer 10

- Classical and Pavlovian Conditioning - SS Pairing - CS-CR

Answer 11

Unpairing of a CS and an US - When the CS is presented without the US the CR weakens

Answer 12

1. Operant Behavior 2. Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

- Voluntary, learned behavior, selected by consequences... Defined by function (Not topography) - Emitted/Evoked - Ontogenetic - Learned behaviors the consequence of your setting - Can be effected by ADAPTATION - AKA: ABC; 3 Term Contingency; SRS Model

Answer 14

- ABC - 3 Term Contingency - SRS Model

Answer 15

When, with repeated exposure to a particular stimulus, the response reduces

Answer 16

- A process that determines the future likelihood of an occurrence or nonoccurrence of a particular behavior - Operant Behavior IS the result of Operant Conditioning - There is AUTOMATICTY in operant conditioning - AKA: ABC; 3 Term Contingency; Behavioral Contingency

Answer 17

- ABC - 3 Term Contingency - Behavioral Contingency

Answer 18

Operant conditioning occurs automatically, even if no one is aware of the contingency in place

Answer 19

1. Punishment 2. Extinction 3. Reinforcement - Four our procedures to be conceptually systematic, they must be derived from our 3 principles.

Answer 20

A stimulus change that comes after a behavior that effects the future likelihood of future behavior

Answer 21

- #1 Principal and major part of most behavior change procedures - A stimulus change following a behavior that results in the behavior occurring more often - Can happen organically or intentionally - SR makes antecedent stimulus conditions relevant and creates stimulus control, making the behavior more likely to occur in the presence of the SD and not the Sdelta

Answer 22

A behavior that occurs in some conditions more than others - Ex. Getting cold water from a blue tap on the water cooler

Answer 23

Motivation (MOs)

Answer 24

The current value of stimulus changes as reinforcement

Answer 25

1. Rate 2. Duration 3. Latency 4. Magnitude 5. Topography

Answer 26

- Immediacy of the reinforcer is critical (the temporal relation) - Delayed consequences aren't technically reinforcement, but they can influence rule-governed behavior

Answer 27

Temporary effect; when a reinforcement or punishment is removed, it should be expected for the behavior to change (for the worse) above, or below baseline

Answer 28

When a behavior occurs in multiple environments, but treatment is delivered in only one environment, you can expect to see a change in behavior in the opposite direction in the non-treatment environment

Answer 29

1. Positive Behavior Contrast 2. Negative Behavior Contrast

Answer 30

An increase in behavior in the non-treatment condition and a decrease of that same behavior in the treatment condition (DRO; Extinction; Punishment)

Answer 31

A decrease in behavior in the non-treatment setting and in increase in that same behavior in the treatment condition

Answer 32

When behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future likelihood of that and similar behaviors in the future - Most important and widely used concept in AB - AKAs: SR+; Type I Reinforcement

Answer 33

- SR+ - Type I Reinforcement

Answer 34

1. Edible 2. Activity 3. Tangible 4. Social 5. Sensory

Answer 35

When behavior is followed immediately by the reduction/removal of a stimulus that increases the future likelihood of that and similar behaviors in the future - Ex. Relief, escape, avoidance - AKAs: SR-; Type II Reinforcement

Answer 36

- SR- - Type II Reinforcement

Answer 37

1. Escape 2. Avoidance

Answer 38

A behavior that stops an ongoing aversive stimulus/unpleasant situation - Ex. Turning off loud music in your car (escape loud music)

Answer 39

- A type of SR- - A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of an aversive stimulus/ unpleasant situation - More common than escape

Answer 40

1. Discriminated Avoidance 2. Free-Operant Avoidance

Answer 41

The contingency for responding is the prevention of the onset of an aversive stimulus in the presence of a SD/signal

Answer 42

The contingency for responding is the prevention of the onset of an aversive stimulus without the presence of a SD/signal - This can occur at any time before the scheduled onset of the stimulus and therefore delays the presention

Answer 43

When behavior is evoked, shaped, maintained, or weakened by environmental variables that happen without other's manipulation - No social mediation from others - AKAs: Sensory; Self-Stimulatory Behaviors; Stereotypy

Answer 44

- Sensory - Self-Stimulatory Behaviors - Stereotypy

Answer 45

1. Negative Automatic Reinforcement - Ex. Scratching an insect bite, now you scratch the bite all the time 2. Positive Automatic Reinforcement - Baking and liking brownies the first time, not you bake then all the time

Answer 46

Punishment that occurs without the social mediation of others

Answer 47

1. Positive Automatic Punishment - Ex. You buy an itchy sweater, in the future you don't buy or wear itchy sweaters 2. Negative Automatic Punishment - Ex. Every time you bite your nails, you have to remove your nail polish, which cause you to decrease your nail biting

Answer 48

When another person controls your access to reinforcement / punishment

Answer 49

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement - No learning history requires - UCR are generally phylogenic and require a state of deprivation to be a reinforcer (MO) - Ex. Food and water

Answer 50

- Primary reinforcer - Unlearned reinforcer

Answer 51

When a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to function as a reinforcer through SS-Pairing with one or more UR or CR - Learning history is required - UCR are a product of ontogeny

Answer 52

- Secondary reinforcer - Learned reinforcer

Answer 53

Respondent conditioning has nothing to do with reinforcers, although the process of pairing is the same. - CR > Stimulus = SR+ or SR- - Respondent conditioning > NS becomes an eliciting antecedent stimulus

Answer 54

A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many UCR and CR - Reinforcing are like reinforcing at any time to anyone - No MO needed - Ex. Money; Social praise

Answer 55

- Generalized reinforcer - Nonspecific reinforcer

Answer 56

When behavior changes, but the contingencies are not immediate or guaranteed

Answer 57

A verbal description of a behavioral contingency - A delayed consequence Deadlines in rules change behavior - SD = Time before the deadline -Sdelta = Time after the deadline

Answer 58

- Rule governance - Rule control - Rules

Answer 59

When a behavior is directly controlled by a contingency, not rules - SD > Response > Outcome (Must occur within 30 secs) - Ex. Putting Neosporin on a painful cut, will immediately relieve the sting

Answer 60

It's A Rule 1. No immediacy 2. B-C delay greater than 30 seconds 3. Behavior changes without reinforcement 4. A big increase in the rate of behavior following only 1 instance of SR occurs 5. The rule exists, but no consequence exists (including no automatic reinforcement)

Answer 61

A stimulus change following a behavior that results in that behavior occurring less often or not at all in the future - Basic principle of operant conditioning - Defined by function, not form AKAs: SD-; SDP; SO; Punishment Based SD

Answer 62

- SD- - SDP - SO - Punishment Based SD

Answer 63

A behavior that occurs less often, or not at all in certain conditions - SDP

Answer 64

- Threats decrease behavior in the moment - Punishment decreased behavior in the future

Answer 65

When the rate of behavior temporarily increases back to its original rate when you stop a punitive procedure

Answer 66

- Punisher (SP): A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it vs - Aversive Stimulus: Unpleasant stimulus

Answer 67

Should be delivered without any delay following the target behavior - Even small delays can reduce effectiveness

Answer 68

Higher intensity punishers are more effective at decreasing behavior - Should start at a higher intensity and gradually decrease to be most effective - Gradually increasing intensity has not been proven to be effective

Answer 69

Consistent and continuous schedules are most effective - Intermittent schedules can be effect in some conditions

Answer 70

Reinforcement for challenging target behavior must be eliminated or reduced for punishment to be effective

Answer 71

More effective when the target behavior isn't the only means contact reinforcement - Most effective when paired with DRA

Answer 72

A process that occurs when teh addition of a stimulus immediately following a behavior results in the future frequency of the behavior - AKA: Type I Punishment

Answer 73

- Type I Punishment

Answer 74

RRROSE 1. Reprimand 2. Response Blocking 3. Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD) 4. Overcorrection 5. Shock / Contingent Electrical Stimulation / ECT 6. Exercise / Contingent Exercise

Answer 75

- A type of positive punishment - Deliver a shock after a behavior

Answer 76

- A type of positive punishment - Client is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly relate to the challenging behavior 2 Types of Overcorrection - Restitutional overcorrection: Restore the environment to its original state before the behavior occurred and make it a lot better on top of that - Positive practice overcorrection: Repeatedly do the correct form of behavior for a certain time or number of times

Answer 77

- A type of positive punishment - Negative or corrective feedback - Most common form of punishment - Has the potential to actually be reinforcing, if viewed as attention

Answer 78

- A type of positive punishment - Physically intervene / block the response

Answer 79

- A type of positive punishment - Require a response not topographically related to the behavior; like exercise

Answer 80

Interrupt a stereotypic behavior as it stats and redirect your client to a high probability behavior 2 Types - Motor RIRD: Interrupts and redirects motor stereotypy - Vocal RIRD: Interrupts and redirects vocal stereotypy

Answer 81

A process that occurs when a response is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or decrease in the intensity of a stimulus) that decreases the likelihood of similar response under similar conditions - AKAs: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty Contingency

Answer 82

- Type II Punishment - Penalty Principle - Penalty Contingency

Answer 83

1. Response Cost 2. Time-Out

Answer 84

1. Bonus Response Cost: Making addition non-contingent reinforcers available and removing them if challenging behavior occurs 2. Direct Fines: Direct loss of positive reinforcers 3. Existing Cache Response Cost: Behavior produces loss from existing collection of reinforcers

Answer 85

SEN 1. Non-Exclusionary Time-Out 2. Exclusionary Time-Out 3. Seclusion Time-Out

Answer 86

IWORP - Ignoring / Planned Ignoring: Social reinforcers (attention, physical contact) removed for a certain time contingent on behavior; least aversive - Withdrawal of specific reinforcer: Taking something preferred away for a certain time - Observation / Contingent Observation: The client is repositioned in the room so he/she can observe everything, but not participate - Ribbon / Time-Out Ribbon: You put a colored wristband on the client and remove in the event of undesired behavior - Partition Time-Out: The client stays in the room, but their view is restricted by a wall / partition

Answer 87

1. Time-In Setting Removed: Location not changed; Ex. Screen goes blank with incorrect answer 2. Removal from Time-In Setting (Hallway or in Room): Location changed; Ex. Time-out room, Hallway time-out, Partition time-out 3. Facial Screening

Answer 88

1. Relaxation: Client expected to lie down for a period of time 2. Restrained Time-Out: Movement suppression and therapeutic restraint

Answer 89

- A type of negative punishment - Loss of specific reinforcers contingent on challenging behavior, which includes removal of things already earned - Least restrictive of punishers 3 Types - Bonus response cost - Fines / Direct Fines - Existing Cache Response Cost - AKA: Penalty

Answer 90

- Unpredictable side effects, which is true for all punishment procedures - Reduction of desired behaviors - Aggressive behavior - Avoidance of programming - Attention for punished behaviors

Answer 91

- A type of negative punishment - Access to a specific reinforcer is prohibited for a period of time 3 Types - Seclusion - Exclusionary Time-Out - Non-Exclusionary Time-Out AKA: Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement

Answer 92

Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement

Answer 93

- A type of time-out in negative punishment - The client is place in time-out room for a period of time and locked in (most restrictive) 2 Types - Required relaxation - Restrained time-out

Answer 94

- A type of time-out in negative punishment - Immediate removal of your client from the reinforcing (time-in) space 3 Types - Time-in setting removed - Removal from time-in setting - Facial screening

Answer 95

- A type of time-out in negative punishment - Client is kept in a time-in space, but no movement is allowed - Most preferred method; least restrictive 5 Types (IWORP) - Ignoring / Planned Ignoring - Withdrawal of specific reinforcer - Observation / Contingent Observation - Ribbon / Time-Out Ribbon - Partition Time-Out: The client stays in the room, but their view is restricted by a wall / partition

Answer 96

Time-out: Access is removed for a period of time vs Response cost: A specific amount of reinforcers are removed

Answer 97

Time-out is more aversive, no reinforcers can be earned vs Extinction, other behaviors may still contact reinforcement

Answer 98

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it - No learning history required - Product of phylogeny AKAs: Primary Punishers; Unlearned Punishers

Answer 99

- Primary Punishers - Unlearned Punishers

Answer 100

A previously NS that now functions as a punisher because of SS-Pairing - Learning history required - Product of ontogeny AKAs: Secondary Punishers; Learned Punishers

Answer 101

- Secondary Punishers - Learned Punishers

Answer 102

A type of conditioned punisher that's been paired with any unconditioned and conditioned punishers - Doesn't depend on an MO for its effectiveness - Likely to be punishing at any time AKA: Generalized Punisher

Answer 103

A maintaining reinforcer is no longer provided > The behavior decreases 3 Types 1. Positive Reinforcement Extinction 2. Automatic Reinforcement Extinction 3. Negative Reinforcement Extinction AKA: Operant Extinction

Answer 104

1. Positive Reinforcement Extinction 2. Automatic Reinforcement Extinction 3. Negative Reinforcement Extinction

Answer 105

Operant Extinction

Answer 106

- When a behavior can cause harm - Can't prevent reinforcement from happening - Need behavior to decrease quickly

Answer 107

BAMBVIRUS - Extinction burst - Extinction-induced aggression - Magnitude of behavior increases - Behavioral contrast - Extinction-induced variability - Imitation - Resurgence - Unintentional extinction of desired behaviors - Spontaneous recovery

Answer 108

Immediate increase in the rate of responding when an EXT procedure is first implemented - More likely when a behavior is maintained by CRF - Less likely if NCR is used prior to EXT or if EXT is paired with SR

Answer 109

A temporary increase in aggression - Should be anticipated (the correct maintaining variable is targeted)

Answer 110

Increase in things like volume, duration, intensity, etc.

Answer 111

When during EXT, a behavior that has gone through EXT in the past returns

Answer 112

A typical short pattern in which the behavior that diminished during EXT process reoccurs even though the behavior has not been reinforced

Answer 113

When novel behavior occurring during the EXT process

Answer 114

- Long history of reinforcement - INT schedules of reinforcement are more resistant than CRF - High response effort - Number of prior EXT trials

Answer 115

An automatic reduction of behavior. This could be caused by punishment or something else.

Answer 116

Response blocking prevents the response from occurring vs Extinction, a target behavior occurs but isn't met with the prior maintaining consequence / reinforcer

Answer 117

Both decrease behavior NCR - By changing antecedents vs EXT - By changing consequences

Answer 118

Operant EXT: Withholding reinforcement when the behavior occurs (think consequences) vs Respondent EXT: Unpairing of a CS and US

Answer 119

Weh a discriminated operant (learned behavior) occurs in the presence of the SD and not in the presence of an Sdelta

Answer 120

An irrelevant stimulus controls the correct behavior and the relevant behavior does not

Answer 121

- Affects stimulus control - Prominence of the stimulus in your setting to make things easier to learn 2 things that effect stimulus salience 1. Masking / Stimulus Blocking: A competing stimulus mask the evocative function 2. Overshadowing: The presence of 1 stimulus interferes with/overshadows the acquisition of stimulus control by another stimulus - Ex. Watching TV while studying, overshadows learning

Answer 122

- Affects stimulus control - Individual focuses on a minor feature of a physical stimulus AKA: Stimulus overselectivity

Answer 123

A signal that tells you reinforcement is available

Answer 124

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past - It can also simply mean less reinforcement, vs no reinforcement

Answer 125

MO: Differential reinforcing effectiveness of an environmental event... Changes the value of a given behavior due to SR vs SD: The promise of the reinforcer based on the reinforcing history

Answer 126

Within - Ex. All shades of green

Answer 127

Between / Across - Ex. Green vs other colors

Answer 128

Discrimination: Narrow stimulus control; occurs when a small spectrum of stimuli brings a response vs Generalization: Loose stimulus control; occurs when a large spectrum of stimuli occasions certain responses

Answer 129

A graph that displays the extent to which behavior that's been reinforced in the presence of an SD is emitted in the presence of an Sdelta - Flat slope: Little stimulus control - Increasing (downward) slope: More stimulus control AKA: Stimulus generalization gradient

Answer 130

Something that has a set of shared values - Requires being able to discriminate what is in and out of a particular stimulus class

Answer 131

Through discrimination training and verbal descriptions

Answer 132

An environmental variable which: - Alter Value: Increases or decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus - Alter Behavior: Increases or decreases the current frequency of all behaviors that has been reinforced

Answer 133

- Establishing Operation - Abolishing Operation

Answer 134

A type of MO - Alter Value: An in the moment increases in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus - Alter Behavior (Evocative): An in the moment increase in the current frequency of behavior to contact the now more valuable stimulus

Answer 135

A type of MO - Alter Value: An in the moment decreases in the current reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus; makes the things you want less valuable in the moment - Alter Behavior (Abative): An in the moment decrease in the current frequency of behavior that's been reinforced by the stimulus which isn't currently valuable. Your behavior is altered, and you don't try to get that thing because you don't currently want it

Answer 136

When a consequence for a behavior in the presence of an MO changes the behavior evoked by the MO in the future

Answer 137

Behavior-altering are in the current moment and function-altering effects are future effects

Answer 138

1. Body temperature 2. Food / Water deprivation 3. Sleep deprivation 4. Oxygen deprivation 5. Activity deprivation 6. Pain 7. Sex deprivation

Answer 139

MOs that change the value of other stimuli, objects, or events due to conditioning - Based on individual learning history 3 Types 1. Surrogate 2. Reflexive 3. Transitive

Answer 140

Surrogate MO - A pairing process - A once NS acquires its MO status by having been paired with a UMO. The NS acquires the same value and behavior-altering effect of the UMO

Answer 141

Reflexive MO - A stimulus come before the onset of pain making it so that the offset of this other stimulus is just as negatively reinforcing as the offset of the (anticipated) pain - Evokes avoidant behaviors; think negative reinforcement

Answer 142

An environmental variable that establishes another event as a reinforcer or punisher - Something is blocking access to a UCR and problem-solving behaviors are needed - Relied on in manding programs

Answer 143

1. Stimulus Generalization 2. Response Generalization

Answer 144

Same response, different stimuli

Answer 145

Same stimuli, different responses AKA: Response induction

Answer 146

Response induction

Answer 147

It's response generalization / induction

Answer 148

It's stimulus generalization

Answer 149

CB MINGLES Common stimuli Behavior Trap Mediation Indiscriminable contingencies Negative teaching examples General case analysis Loosely train Exemplars Self-Management

Answer 150

Ensure the same SDs exist in both the instructional and generalization setting

Answer 151

Effective contingency of SR that's easy to enter and hard to leave

Answer 152

- Ask stakeholders to provide SR for the behavior - Contrive opportunities, which can include various prompts

Answer 153

- Intermittent SR schedule - Delayed rewards

Answer 154

- Promotes stimulus control - Teaches learner to discriminate between settings, times, and conditions in which the behavior is not appropriate

Answer 155

Teach all the different stimulus variation and responses that may be in the generalized setting

Answer 156

Broaden the variety of the non-critical aspects of the SD

Answer 157

Teach enough response and stimulus examples

Answer 158

The learner is present in the instructional and generalized environment 3 Ways 1. Response variability - Lag reinforcement 2. Recruit SR 3. Teach required levels - Train target behaviors to meet performance criteria to contact SR in natural environment

Answer 159

Sustained progress

Answer 160

1. CRF 2. INT 3. EXT

Answer 161

Continuous Schedule of SR - Used for acquisition of new behaviors

Answer 162

Intermittent Schedule of SR - Used for maintaining behaviors that have been established

Answer 163

- FR - VR - FI - VI

Answer 164

Best when higher rates of responding are important - Higher rates of responding because of faster responding means SR comes sooner

Answer 165

A pause in responding following SR, but the responding speeds up again - Related to an FR scheduled of SR; Stairs on a graph

Answer 166

INT Schedule of SR - Consistent high rate of responding - Post SR Pause - Graph: Steps

Answer 167

- Strongest basic schedule of INT SR - Produces consistent, high, and steady rates of responding - Graph: Super steep line

Answer 168

SR comes with time passage and only 1 response - Lower rates of responding - To increase / decrease responding > Decrease / increase interval

Answer 169

INT Schedule of SR. Passage of time and a correct response is required - Slow start, but accelerating response - Post SR Pause - Graph: Scalloped graph

Answer 170

INT Schedule of SR - Constant, slow-moderate stable rates of response - Good for maintenance - Graph is constant, but not steep

Answer 171

A result of extreme increases in ratio when moving from denser to thinner schedules of SR - Common behaviors: Avoidance, aggression, etc.

Answer 172

SR is available for a limited amount of time - Used for increasing your client's response speed into a limited time; to build fluency

Answer 173

1. Lag Schedules of SR 2. Progressive Schedules of SR 3. Delays to SR Schedule 4. Differential SR to Ratios of Responding (DRH, DRD, DRL)

Answer 174

INT Schedule of SR delivered for a response that is different in topography, sequence, etc., than previously reinforced response - Use for increasing variability and expanding behavior repertoires

Answer 175

INT Schedule of SR - Systematically thin each successive SR opportunity independent of client's behavior until responding stops -- Breaking Point: Assess how for the reinforcer will go - Use for SR assessment and intervention AKAs: Progressive Interval; Time-Based Progressive Delay; Delay Fading

Answer 176

- Progressive Interval - Time-Based Progressive Delay - Delay Fading

Answer 177

INT Schedule of SR used to teach self-control, function communication, etc. - Can be used to offset resurgence

Answer 178

CMCMTAC Concurrent Multiple Chained Mixed Tandem Alternative Conjunctive

Answer 179

2 or more schedules of SR are in effect separately and at the same time for 2 or more behaviors, each schedule is signaled by / correlated with a different SD - Matching law / theory: Herrnstein; Given 2 choices you will choose to engage in the behavior that has the highest rate of SR

Answer 180

2 or more basic schedules of SR are presented alternating, in a random sequence for 1 or more behaviors - SD associated with each schedule - Schedules occur successively and independently; can cause behavioral contrast

Answer 181

2 or more basic schedules of SR are presented and occur successively in order - SD associated with each schedule 3 Elements 1. Specific order 2. Each step serves as an SD for the next step 3. Each step serves as a CSR for the previous step

Answer 182

2 or more basic schedules of SR are presented in an alternating, random sequence for 1 or more behaviors - Identical to multiple schedules without the SD - Occurs successively and independently

Answer 183

2 or more basic schedules of SR are presented and occur succesively - Identical to chained without the SD - Trial by error; Sequence with no instructions

Answer 184

A compound schedule combining # of responses and time - Provides SR when the requirement of either a ratio or interval schedule is met - Hint: 2nd chance schedule

Answer 185

A compound schedule of SR combining the # of responses and time - Provides SR when the completion of the response requirements for both a ratio and interval schedule have been met - Hint: Both / AND schedule

Answer 186

Behaviors that are maintained independently of SR contingencies, BUT exist due to the contingencies being available for other behaviors - Behaviors occur in between the provision of SR and when SR isn't available AKA: Schedule induced behaviors