Section A- Urban issues and challenges- Lagos

Question 1

What is a mega city

Answer 1

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people.

Question 2

Give an example of a mega city, explain where it is and its population number and growth rate

Answer 2

Lagos- Africas biggest city and is found in Nigeria.

Its population is 21 million and its growth rate is currently 8.50%

Question 3

Define urbanisation

Answer 3

A rise in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns or cities)

Question 4

What are push factors for migration

Answer 4

Their current place has; poor work, not many jobs, little housing, poor pay and unsafe due to natural disasters.

Question 5

What are pull factors for migration

Answer 5

Where they want to go has; job opportunities, better access to services, better education,public transport and more and better public sectors.

Question 6

Compare urban trends in MEDC’s and LEDC’S

Answer 6

The fastest growing cities are in LEDC’S such as Lagos. Due to lack of employment and opportunities in the countryside, over crowding, cities have better pay and a higher standard of living.

Question 7

What is the emergence of mega-cities caused by

Answer 7

Rural to urban migration, towns attaching onto big cities, people building houses around them, public transport linking various places etc.

Question 8

What is birth rate

Answer 8

Number of births per 1000 in the population per year

Question 9

What is death rate

Answer 9

Number of deaths per 1000 in the population per year

Question 10

What is natural increase

Answer 10

Population growth because the birth rate is higher than the death rate

Question 11

Why would a LEDC have higher growth rates in mega cities

Answer 11

All opportunities, wealth and jobs are found in the more developed and urbanised city of Lagos, more people across Nigeria will be moving there. However Tokyo will have a smaller growth rate because across Japan there are more opportunities spread across the whole country and is not just concentrated in one area.

Question 12

How much has Lagos’ population increased since 1975

Answer 12

since 1975- 13.5 million increase

Question 13

Why is there a high rate of natural increase in cities

Answer 13

Youthful population as most rural to urban migrants are young and better health care which means these children reach adulthood and population booms

Question 14

What is the fertility rate if Nigerian women

Answer 14

5.65 births perm woman

Question 15

What are some of the social opportunities in Lagos

Answer 15

98% of Lagos children are in education
More jobs in Lagos than the whole of Nigeria. If you cant find work in the formal economy you will be able to in the informal economy.
Healthcare access, clinics or hospitals closer than before.

Question 16

What are the Social challenges in Lagos

Answer 16

Cities infrastructure struggles to keep up with number of people.
Only wealthiest homes have water and others have to rely on street vendors
Traffic congestion
Poorer sqautter settlements will have to go to poorer funded schools and wont be able to afford a better private school.
Unemployment
Crime

Question 17

How are social challenges overcome

Answer 17

2 new power stations to be built
Rapid transit network has started to be built
3 helicopters bought for the police
Integrated transport system and separate bus lanes
Wells or boreholes obtaining water

Question 18

What are the environmental challenges found in Lagos

Answer 18

Waste disposal- waste is imported from Nigeria and is brought to Lagos. Only 13% of waste is recycled and a landfill site has formed (Olusosun) as only 40% of 10,000 tonnes is collected.
Polluted water supply
Traffic congestion- Market and street vendors block the roads.
Average person spends 3 hours in traffic and 40% of new cars in nigeria are registered in lagos which only accounts for 1% of the total area.

Question 19

How are environmental challenges overcome

Answer 19

In Olusosun, rubbish can be turned into energy and has produced 25MW of electricity. This created 500 jobs for sorting 3000 tonnes of waste.
in 2003, the Lagos metropolitan area transport authority was set up. They introduced a bus rapid transit system 1/4 of commuters use it. Integrated transport system

Question 20

What are the economic challenges

Answer 20

Due to booming economy there is a wider gap between rich and poor, from squatter settlements ti wealthy areas such as Victoria island.
Most people work in the informal economy and live on less than $1.25 a day.

Question 21

How are economic challenges overcome

Answer 21

Olusosun landfill site providing 500 jobs
A new waterway network to provide equal water rights
Providing opportunities such as education and healthcare in squatter settlements.

Question 22

What are the economic opportunities?

Answer 22

Urban industrial areas are a stimulus for economic development.
11th largest economy in Africa

Question 23

Give an example of a squatter settlement in Lagos

Answer 23

Makoko

Question 24

Given an example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor.

Answer 24

Floating school
They have solar panels on roof for power
Steep sided roof allows rainfall to run off and be collected and stored under house. The foundations of the floating schools rise and fall with variable sea levels
Reused as community center and has 60 children in lessons at a time