Section A- Urban issues and challenges- Lagos Flashcards
What is a mega city
A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people.
Give an example of a mega city, explain where it is and its population number and growth rate
Lagos- Africas biggest city and is found in Nigeria.
Its population is 21 million and its growth rate is currently 8.50%
Define urbanisation
A rise in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns or cities)
What are push factors for migration
Their current place has; poor work, not many jobs, little housing, poor pay and unsafe due to natural disasters.
What are pull factors for migration
Where they want to go has; job opportunities, better access to services, better education,public transport and more and better public sectors.
Compare urban trends in MEDC’s and LEDC’S
The fastest growing cities are in LEDC’S such as Lagos. Due to lack of employment and opportunities in the countryside, over crowding, cities have better pay and a higher standard of living.
What is the emergence of mega-cities caused by
Rural to urban migration, towns attaching onto big cities, people building houses around them, public transport linking various places etc.
What is birth rate
Number of births per 1000 in the population per year
What is death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 in the population per year
What is natural increase
Population growth because the birth rate is higher than the death rate
Why would a LEDC have higher growth rates in mega cities
All opportunities, wealth and jobs are found in the more developed and urbanised city of Lagos, more people across Nigeria will be moving there. However Tokyo will have a smaller growth rate because across Japan there are more opportunities spread across the whole country and is not just concentrated in one area.
How much has Lagos’ population increased since 1975
since 1975- 13.5 million increase
Why is there a high rate of natural increase in cities
Youthful population as most rural to urban migrants are young and better health care which means these children reach adulthood and population booms
What is the fertility rate if Nigerian women
5.65 births perm woman
What are some of the social opportunities in Lagos
98% of Lagos children are in education
More jobs in Lagos than the whole of Nigeria. If you cant find work in the formal economy you will be able to in the informal economy.
Healthcare access, clinics or hospitals closer than before.
What are the Social challenges in Lagos
Cities infrastructure struggles to keep up with number of people.
Only wealthiest homes have water and others have to rely on street vendors
Traffic congestion
Poorer sqautter settlements will have to go to poorer funded schools and wont be able to afford a better private school.
Unemployment
Crime
How are social challenges overcome
2 new power stations to be built
Rapid transit network has started to be built
3 helicopters bought for the police
Integrated transport system and separate bus lanes
Wells or boreholes obtaining water
What are the environmental challenges found in Lagos
Waste disposal- waste is imported from Nigeria and is brought to Lagos. Only 13% of waste is recycled and a landfill site has formed (Olusosun) as only 40% of 10,000 tonnes is collected.
Polluted water supply
Traffic congestion- Market and street vendors block the roads.
Average person spends 3 hours in traffic and 40% of new cars in nigeria are registered in lagos which only accounts for 1% of the total area.
How are environmental challenges overcome
In Olusosun, rubbish can be turned into energy and has produced 25MW of electricity. This created 500 jobs for sorting 3000 tonnes of waste.
in 2003, the Lagos metropolitan area transport authority was set up. They introduced a bus rapid transit system 1/4 of commuters use it. Integrated transport system
What are the economic challenges
Due to booming economy there is a wider gap between rich and poor, from squatter settlements ti wealthy areas such as Victoria island.
Most people work in the informal economy and live on less than $1.25 a day.
How are economic challenges overcome
Olusosun landfill site providing 500 jobs
A new waterway network to provide equal water rights
Providing opportunities such as education and healthcare in squatter settlements.
What are the economic opportunities?
Urban industrial areas are a stimulus for economic development.
11th largest economy in Africa
Give an example of a squatter settlement in Lagos
Makoko
Given an example of how urban planning is improving the quality of life for the urban poor.
Floating school
They have solar panels on roof for power
Steep sided roof allows rainfall to run off and be collected and stored under house. The foundations of the floating schools rise and fall with variable sea levels
Reused as community center and has 60 children in lessons at a time
