Section A: Theorists Flashcards
Name the 6 theorists that talk about class
McIntosh & Mooney, Fox, Hutton, Skeggs, Murray
Name the 5 theorists that talk about changing class
Bourdieu
Savage et al
Pakulski & waters
Offe
Name the 6 theorists that talk about gender
Wilson Parsons Oakley Hey Mac and ghaill
Name the 6 theorists that talk about changing gender
Connell Mac and ghaill Nixon Mort Jackson
Name the 3 theorists that talk about disability
Shakespeare
Murugami
Zola
Name the 5 theorists that talk about sexuality
Weeks Reiss McIntosh Gay left collective Rich
Name the 6 theorists that talk about age
Postman Parsons Bradley Corner Hockney & james
Name the 3 theorists that talk about changing age
Postmodernism
Featherstone & hepworth
What did McIntosh & Mooney say about class and what year did they say it
Mcintosh and mooney (2004)
Social class can provide us with a sense of belonging, it can tell us who ‘we’ are and who ‘they’ are
What did Fox say about class and what year did they say it
Fox (2004)
Upper middles
Middle middles
Lower middles
What did Hutton say about class and what year did they say it
Hutton (1995)
Decline and reduction of the working class population has caused an erosion of working class identity
What did Skeggs say about class and what year did they say it
Skeggs (1997)
Studied women in working class that made a strenuous effort to look ‘respectable’ as they felt looked down upon
What did Murray say about class and what year did they say it
Murray (1984)
Over generous benefits causes people to rely on the state to take responsibility and look after them
What did Bourdieu say about changing class and what year did they say it
Bourdieu
Class fractions are determined by social, economic and cultural capital and can pass this capital to their children
What did Savage et al say about changing class and what year did they say it
Savage et al
Used a class survey to determine the new model for the British class structure
Elite Established middle class Technical middle class New affluent workers Emergent service workers Traditional working class Precariat
What did Pakulski & Waters say about changing class and what year did they say it
Pakulski & Waters
We are now defined/ identified by what we buy
What did Offe say about changing class and what year did they say it
Offe
We are able to create our own identities regardless of social class
What did Wilson say about gender and what year did they say it
Wilson
Men need to “spread the seed” and save the human race whereas women beed to nurture a child and stay faithful
What did Parsons say about gender and what year did they say it
Parsons
Men and women have particular roles and functions
Men = INSTRUMENTAL
Stereotypical bread winners and more important superior figure
Women = EXPRESSIVE
Stereotypical housewife
What did Oakley say about gender and what year did they say it
Oakley
4 ways children are socialised into roles in the family
Manipulation
Canalisation
Verbal
Domestic activities
What did Hey say about gender and what year did they say it
Hey (1997)
Studies female teenage peer groups and the power female groups have over girls
What did Mac an ghaill say about gender and what year did they say it
Mac an ghaill (1994)
Studied how boys become men through boys peer groups
What did Connell say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it
Connell
4 different types of masculinity
Hegemonic - dominant and protective masculine figure
Marginalised- growth of women in employment puts stereotypical masculine jobs under threat
Complicit - men and women sharing roles
Subordinate - males with a more feminine demenor
What did Mac and ghaill say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it
Mac and ghaill
Loss of the breadwinner as women start to work which puts men in the ‘crisis of masculinity’
What did Nixon say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it
Nixon (1996)
The ‘new man’ can be traced back to the release of one particular advert in late 1985. ( levi’s launderette advert)
What did Mort say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it
Mort (1988)
In mid 1980’s noticed the ‘new man’ was sexualised in media and magazines, much like women were before.
What did Jackson say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it
Jackson
A study of young people and the extent to which they behave in a lad or ladette manner
What did Shakespeare say about disability and what year did they say it
Shakespeare (1996)
Medical model = the disability itself is the issue that is preventing them from doing certain activities
Social model = Society has made disabled people feel like they’re the issue. They often get pity, awkwardness and avoidance because people have been socialised into thinking like this
What did Murugami say about disability and what year did they say it
Murugami
Disabled people form their identity by what they are able to do rather than the terms of their impairment
What did Zola say about disability and what year did they say it
Zola (1982)
The vocabulary we use is discriminating to disabled people and makes them feel they are incapable of taking action themselves
What did Weeks say about sexuality and what year did they say it
Weeks
Not many people would say “I’m heterosexual” but many people would say “I’m homosexual” because its a bigger part of their identity in society
What did Reiss say about sexuality and what year did they say it
Reiss
Rent boys - these are heterosexual men despite having sex with men for money. They despise the men as a way of distancing themselves
What did McIntosh say about sexuality and what year did they say it
McIntosh
In western cultures homosexual males are expected to have certain characteristics. E.g. be more feminine
What did Gay left collective say about sexuality and what year did they say it
Gay left collective
People are more accepting of heterosexuals and don’t have to make this the main aspect of their identity; this is what makes it difficult for homosexuals because it is much less accepting and have to make it the main aspect of their identity.
What did Rich say about sexuality and what year did they say it
Rich
Rich argues that women’s sexuality is looked down on by men through institutions like marriage, sexual violence, rape and sexual objectification of women.
What did Postman say about age and what year did they say it
Postman
When adults got smarter they shielded their children from the threat of the media to protect their children from sexual content and to keep childhood innocent
What did Parsons say about age and what year did they say it
Parsons
Youth culture being a transition from childhood to adulthood.
They experiment with rebellion and resistance
What did Bradley say about age and what year did they say it
Bradley
Argues people in middle age have a higher status than youth or old age because they hold the money and the power
But can also be seen as a negative time because of the loss of childhood or empty nest syndrome or mid life crisis
What did Corner say about age and what year did they say it
Corner (1999)
Older people agree with the negative connotations they get from the media. This is very much associated with health and dependancy
What did Hockney & James say about age and what year did they say it
Hockney & James
Children try to stray away from their stereotypes and try to act older than they actually are. E.g. Teenagers pretend to be 18 to buy alcoholic drinks
But also older people try to act younger because they are treated like this and want to feel younger
What did Postmodernism say about changing age identities and what year did they say it
Postmodernism
Would argue that things can change about age like living and working for longer, anti-ageing products and the extension of youth, to show how age is fluid and becoming less significant today
What did Featherstone & Hepworth say about changing age identities and what year did they say it
Featherstone & Hepworth
Not only does the media portray negative age changes but also positive identities. E.g. Retro revival
