Section A: Theorists

Question 1

Name the 6 theorists that talk about class

Answer 1

McIntosh & Mooney,
Fox,
Hutton,
Skeggs,
Murray

Question 2

Name the 5 theorists that talk about changing class

Answer 2

Bourdieu
Savage et al
Pakulski & waters
Offe

Question 3

Name the 6 theorists that talk about gender

Answer 3

Wilson
Parsons
Oakley
Hey
Mac and ghaill

Question 4

Name the 6 theorists that talk about changing gender

Answer 4

Connell
Mac and ghaill
Nixon
Mort
Jackson

Question 5

Name the 3 theorists that talk about disability

Answer 5

Shakespeare
Murugami
Zola

Question 6

Name the 5 theorists that talk about sexuality

Answer 6

Weeks
Reiss
McIntosh
Gay left collective
Rich

Question 7

Name the 6 theorists that talk about age

Answer 7

Postman
Parsons
Bradley
Corner
Hockney & james

Question 8

Name the 3 theorists that talk about changing age

Answer 8

Postmodernism

Featherstone & hepworth

Question 9

What did McIntosh & Mooney say about class and what year did they say it

Answer 9

Mcintosh and mooney (2004)

Social class can provide us with a sense of belonging, it can tell us who ‘we’ are and who ‘they’ are

Question 10

What did Fox say about class and what year did they say it

Answer 10

Fox (2004)

Upper middles
Middle middles
Lower middles

Question 11

What did Hutton say about class and what year did they say it

Answer 11

Hutton (1995)

Decline and reduction of the working class population has caused an erosion of working class identity

Question 12

What did Skeggs say about class and what year did they say it

Answer 12

Skeggs (1997)

Studied women in working class that made a strenuous effort to look ‘respectable’ as they felt looked down upon

Question 13

What did Murray say about class and what year did they say it

Answer 13

Murray (1984)

Over generous benefits causes people to rely on the state to take responsibility and look after them

Question 14

What did Bourdieu say about changing class and what year did they say it

Answer 14

Bourdieu

Class fractions are determined by social, economic and cultural capital and can pass this capital to their children

Question 15

What did Savage et al say about changing class and what year did they say it

Answer 15

Savage et al

Used a class survey to determine the new model for the British class structure

Elite
Established middle class
Technical middle class
New affluent workers
Emergent service workers
Traditional working class
Precariat

Question 16

What did Pakulski & Waters say about changing class and what year did they say it

Answer 16

Pakulski & Waters

We are now defined/ identified by what we buy

Question 17

What did Offe say about changing class and what year did they say it

Answer 17

Offe

We are able to create our own identities regardless of social class

Question 18

What did Wilson say about gender and what year did they say it

Answer 18

Wilson

Men need to “spread the seed” and save the human race whereas women beed to nurture a child and stay faithful

Question 19

What did Parsons say about gender and what year did they say it

Answer 19

Parsons

Men and women have particular roles and functions

Men = INSTRUMENTAL
Stereotypical bread winners and more important superior figure

Women = EXPRESSIVE
Stereotypical housewife

Question 20

What did Oakley say about gender and what year did they say it

Answer 20

Oakley

4 ways children are socialised into roles in the family

Manipulation

Canalisation

Verbal

Domestic activities

Question 21

What did Hey say about gender and what year did they say it

Answer 21

Hey (1997)

Studies female teenage peer groups and the power female groups have over girls

Question 22

What did Mac an ghaill say about gender and what year did they say it

Answer 22

Mac an ghaill (1994)

Studied how boys become men through boys peer groups

Question 23

What did Connell say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it

Answer 23

Connell

4 different types of masculinity

Hegemonic - dominant and protective masculine figure

Marginalised- growth of women in employment puts stereotypical masculine jobs under threat

Complicit - men and women sharing roles

Subordinate - males with a more feminine demenor

Question 24

What did Mac and ghaill say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it

Answer 24

Mac and ghaill

Loss of the breadwinner as women start to work which puts men in the ‘crisis of masculinity’

Question 25

What did Nixon say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it

Answer 25

Nixon (1996)

The ‘new man’ can be traced back to the release of one particular advert in late 1985. ( levi’s launderette advert)

Question 26

What did Mort say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it

Answer 26

Mort (1988)

In mid 1980’s noticed the ‘new man’ was sexualised in media and magazines, much like women were before.

Question 27

What did Jackson say about changing gender identities and what year did they say it

Answer 27

Jackson

A study of young people and the extent to which they behave in a lad or ladette manner

Question 28

What did Shakespeare say about disability and what year did they say it

Answer 28

Shakespeare (1996)

Medical model = the disability itself is the issue that is preventing them from doing certain activities
Social model = Society has made disabled people feel like they’re the issue. They often get pity, awkwardness and avoidance because people have been socialised into thinking like this

Question 29

What did Murugami say about disability and what year did they say it

Answer 29

Murugami

Disabled people form their identity by what they are able to do rather than the terms of their impairment

Question 30

What did Zola say about disability and what year did they say it

Answer 30

Zola (1982)

The vocabulary we use is discriminating to disabled people and makes them feel they are incapable of taking action themselves

Question 31

What did Weeks say about sexuality and what year did they say it

Answer 31

Weeks

Not many people would say “I’m heterosexual” but many people would say “I’m homosexual” because its a bigger part of their identity in society

Question 32

What did Reiss say about sexuality and what year did they say it

Answer 32

Reiss

Rent boys - these are heterosexual men despite having sex with men for money. They despise the men as a way of distancing themselves

Question 33

What did McIntosh say about sexuality and what year did they say it

Answer 33

McIntosh

In western cultures homosexual males are expected to have certain characteristics. E.g. be more feminine

Question 34

What did Gay left collective say about sexuality and what year did they say it

Answer 34

Gay left collective

People are more accepting of heterosexuals and don’t have to make this the main aspect of their identity; this is what makes it difficult for homosexuals because it is much less accepting and have to make it the main aspect of their identity.

Question 35

What did Rich say about sexuality and what year did they say it

Answer 35

Rich

Rich argues that women’s sexuality is looked down on by men through institutions like marriage, sexual violence, rape and sexual objectification of women.

Question 36

What did Postman say about age and what year did they say it

Answer 36

Postman

When adults got smarter they shielded their children from the threat of the media to protect their children from sexual content and to keep childhood innocent

Question 37

What did Parsons say about age and what year did they say it

Answer 37

Parsons

Youth culture being a transition from childhood to adulthood.

They experiment with rebellion and resistance

Question 38

What did Bradley say about age and what year did they say it

Answer 38

Bradley

Argues people in middle age have a higher status than youth or old age because they hold the money and the power

But can also be seen as a negative time because of the loss of childhood or empty nest syndrome or mid life crisis

Question 39

What did Corner say about age and what year did they say it

Answer 39

Corner (1999)

Older people agree with the negative connotations they get from the media. This is very much associated with health and dependancy

Question 40

What did Hockney & James say about age and what year did they say it

Answer 40

Hockney & James

Children try to stray away from their stereotypes and try to act older than they actually are. E.g. Teenagers pretend to be 18 to buy alcoholic drinks
But also older people try to act younger because they are treated like this and want to feel younger

Question 41

What did Postmodernism say about changing age identities and what year did they say it

Answer 41

Postmodernism

Would argue that things can change about age like living and working for longer, anti-ageing products and the extension of youth, to show how age is fluid and becoming less significant today

Question 42

What did Featherstone & Hepworth say about changing age identities and what year did they say it

Answer 42

Featherstone & Hepworth

Not only does the media portray negative age changes but also positive identities. E.g. Retro revival