Section A - Tectonic Hazards Flashcards
Where are tectonic hazard distributed
Often, tectonic hazards are distributed around plate boundaries
What are volcano belts
Volcano belts are long lines of volcanoes found along plate boundaries. Magma rises in the form of eruptions. A famous example of a volcano belt is the Pacific Ring of Fire
Name some characteristics of a constructive plate boundary
Weak earthquakes Shield volcano Gentle eruptions Flat volcano High lava viscosity
Name some characteristics of a destructive plate boundary
Violent earthquakes Composite volcano Explosive eruptions Steel aided volcano Low lava viscosity
Name some characteristics of a conservative plate boundary
Violent earthquakes
No volcano
No eruptions
No lava
Name some key characteristics of the Nepal earthquake
25 April 2015 Magnitude was 7.8 Mw 11 miles south of Kodari Destructive plate margin type Indo Australian and Asian plates involved Focus depth - 9.3 miles
Name some key characteristics of the New Zealand earthquake
22nd February 2011 Magnitude - 7.2 Mw 1.2 miles west of Lyttelton Conservative plate margin Pacific and Australian plate involved Focus depth - 3.1 miles
What were the primary effects of the Nepal earthquake?
9000 fatalities 22,000 injured 8 million people affected 3.5 million people homeless Cost was 10 billion
Name some primary effects of the New Zealand earthquake?
185 killed
Several thousand injured
10,000 homeless
The cost was 10-15 billion dollars
Name some secondary effects for the Nepal earthquake?
Malnutrition
Homeless people
Roads and bridges destroyed
Name some secondary effects for the New Zealand earthquake?
Schools had to share classrooms
Businesses out of action
Damage to roads
How did humans respond to the New Zealand earthquake?
Brought in machinery to clear rubble
Farmy army (800 farmers)
1000 students helped clear up
Christchurch baking arm baked bread for rescue teams (350 locals)
45 tonnes of food was flown in
600 emergency workers (from 6 different countries)
$120 million in donations
How did humans respond to the Nepal earthquake?
Rescue teams, water food and shelter came in from uk, India and China
Helicopters used to supply remote villagers
1 1/2 million tents provides
Field hospitals
Financial aid from many hic+nee countries
How did the Nepal earthquake effect people?
People injured 90% of rural homes destroyed Blocked roads Avalanches on mint Everest Collapsing buildings 150 people stranded for 2 days Storm clouds 30 thousand children lost everything 10 thousand people living on streets More than 130,000 homes destroyed
How did the New Zealand earthquake effect people?
People had to move out of their houses Liquefaction (whole ground raises) Buisnesses moving out Small companies suffered Tourism and retail suffered
Why do people live in tectonic active zones,
Family Work Heritage Tourism Geographical location Employment Poverty Education
What are the 4 main management strategies trim reductions the risk from tectonic hazards?
Monitoring
Prediction
Protection
Planning
What is monitoring?
Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcano eruptions
What is prediction?
Using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions qbou when and where a tectonic hazard may happen
What is protection?
Designing buildings that can withstand tectonic hazards
What is planning?
Identifying and avoiding places at risk
How do volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries?
Friction builds up between the oceanic and continental crust. When the melting crust runs down the surface it causes magma to rise up, and when the magma rises up to the surface it turns into molten rock. This causes a volcano eruption
How do volcanic islands form at constructive plate boundaries?
Magma wells up to fill the gap and eventually new crust is formed. The magma forms an island
How do earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries?
Friction between the plates causes earthquakes. Earthquakes happen along conservative margins
What plate boundary has plates moving away from each other
Constructive
What plate boundary has plates moving towards each other
Destructive
What plate boundary has fold mountains forming
Destructive
What plate boundary has a mid ocean ridge forming
Constructive
What plate boundary has plates sliding each other at different speeds
Conservative
