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GCSE Design and Technology > Section A - Mechanical Devices > Flashcards

Section A - Mechanical Devices Flashcards

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1
Q

Define mechanism

A

A mechanism is a device that changes an input motion into a different output motion

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2
Q

What is a lever

A

A lever is a mechanism that moves around a fixed point (a pivot)

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3
Q

What are the four basic types of motion found in mechanical systems

A

Linear motion
Reciprocating motion
Rotary motion
Oscillating motion

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4
Q

What is linear motion

A

Linear motion is the movement in a straight line such as on a paper trimmer (or a train moving down a track)

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5
Q

Example of a device that uses linear motion

A

Linear motion is the movement in a straight line such as on a paper trimmer (or a train moving down a track)

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6
Q

What is reciprocating motion

A

Reciprocating motion is the movement backwards and forwards in a straight line such as the movement of the needle on a sewing machine (or a piston or a pump)

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7
Q

Example of an device that uses reciprocating motion

A

Reciprocating motion is the movement backwards and forwards in a straight line such as the movement of the needle on a sewing machine (or a piston or a pump/bicycle pump)

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8
Q

What is rotary motion

A

Rotary motion is movement round in a circle, such as a wheel turning (a children’s roundabout)

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9
Q

Example of a device using rotary motion

A

Rotary motion is movement round in a circle, such as a wheel turning (a children’s roundabout)

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10
Q

What is oscillating motion

A

Oscillating motion is the movement swinging from side to side, such as a pendulum in a clock (or a swing)

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11
Q

Example of a device using oscillating motion

A

Oscillating motion is the movement swinging from side to side, such as a pendulum in a clock (or a swing)

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12
Q

Describe the types of movement

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zbrdnrd/small

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z4k7vk7/small

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zm6fd6f/small

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/znfrmfr/small

A
  1. Linear motion
  2. Rotary motion
  3. Reciprocating motion
  4. Oscillating motion
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13
Q

What are the three parts of a lever called

A

Load (the object to be moved)
Effort (the force applied to move the load)
Fulcrum (the point where the load is pivoted)

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14
Q

How many basic types or orders of lever are there

A

There are three basic types of orders of lever

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15
Q

Describe the set-up for a first-order lever

A

A first-order lever has the fulcrum between the effort and the load.

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16
Q

What happens if the fulcrum is moved closer to the load, regarding a first-order lever

A

If the fulcrum is moved closer to the load, less effort is needed to move it (although the load does not move as far)

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17
Q

What happens if the fulcrum is moved closer to the effort - in a first-order lever

A

If the fulcrum is moved closer to the effort, more effort is needed to move the load (although the load moves much further)

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18
Q

Draw a first-order lever

A

https://static.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/images/000/002/372/embed/Pivot_diagram_of_a_Class_1_lever.jpg?1674168088

pivot/fulcrum

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

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19
Q

Give an example of a first-order lever

A

A seesaw is an example of a first-order lever
A pair of scissors
A pair of pliers

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20
Q

Describe how a second-order lever is set up

A

A second-order lever has the load and the effort on the same side of the fulcrum.
The load is nearer to the fulcrum, therefore less effort is required to move it.

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21
Q

Draw a second-order lever

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

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22
Q

Give an example of a second-order lever

A

Wheelbarrow

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23
Q

Describe how a third-order lever is set up

A

A third-order lever has the load and effort on the same side as the fulcrum. The load is further from the fulcrum (the effort is nearer to the fulcrum), so the effort required to move the load
is greater

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24
Q

When are third-order levers used. Why are they set up this way?

A

These levers are used for items such as barbeque tongs and tweezers where the article being picked up is small or awkward, or when handling something that could be squished or is fragile

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25
Q

With levers, how do you make the effort smaller.
What is the effect on the distanced moved by the lever?

A

Placing the fulcrum nearer to the road - less effort is required to move the load.
To make the effort smaller, the distance the lever moves is greater

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26
Q

Draw a third-order lever

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

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27
Q

Give examples of third order levers

A

Barbeque tongs
Tweezers
Stapler

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28
Q

What is a linkage

A

A linkage is a mechanism that transfers force and can change the direction of movement

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29
Q

What are the 3 stages of a simple control system called

A

Input
Process
Output

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30
Q

What can the number and shapes of the linkages change

A

The number and shapes of the linkages can change the direction of the force

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31
Q

What can the position of the pivot on the linkages change

A

The position of the pivots can change the size or magnitude of the force

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32
Q

The closer the pivot to the output end of the lever __________

A

The closer the pivot to the output end of the lever, the larger the fore is at the output

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33
Q

Types of linkages

A

Bell cranks
Push/pull linkage (or parallel motion linkage)

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34
Q

Describe the bell-crank mechanism

A

In a bell-crank mechanism the direction of motion is turned through 90 degrees, but the magnitude of the output force is greater than that of the input force when the fixed pivot is closer to the output lever

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35
Q

Draw a bell-crank mechanism

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

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36
Q

State one application of a bell-crank mechanism

A

A bicycle braking system uses a bell-crank mechanism

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37
Q

Describe the push/pull linkage (parallel motion linkage)

A

In a push-pull linkage (parallel motion linkage), the direction of motion (for input and output) and magnitude of the forces are the same

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38
Q

Why are push/pull linkage (parallel motion linkage) used

A

They are used when the force cannot be transferred directly in a straight line

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39
Q

State one application of a parallel motion linkage (push/pull linkage)

A

A sewing box uses parallel motion linkage

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40
Q

What is a Cam

A

A cam is a mechanism with a cam, slide and follower. When the car rotates, the follower moves up and down

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41
Q

What are the three parts of a cam mechanism

A

Cam
Slide
Follower

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42
Q

What does the shape of the cam influence

A

The pattern the follower moved up and down in is governed by the shape of the cam

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43
Q

State the three things the follower can do

A

The follower can:
go up (rise)
go down (fall)
stay still (dwell)

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44
Q

Why do cams come in different shapes

A

Cams come in many different shapes to create different combinations of rise, fall and dwell

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45
Q

What is lift

A

The distance the follower travels from top to bottom is called the ‘lift’

46
Q

Draw and label the key parts of the eccentric cam mechanism

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

47
Q

Draw some different shaped cams

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

48
Q

If a cam follower rises for 60 degrees of the rotation, falls for 60 degrees of the cam rotation and does not move for the remaining rotation of the cam, what will the dwell angle be

A

360-60-60 = 240 degrees

49
Q

How can the duration of the rise and fall of a cam be represented

A

The duration of rise and fall of a cam can be represented as an angle

50
Q

What is a gear train

A

A gear train is a mechanism for transmitting rotary motion and torque

51
Q

What is torque

A

Torque is the turning force that causes rotation

52
Q

What do gears have. What do these things do

A

Gears have teeth, and interlock or mesh with one another to transmit the rotary motion

53
Q

Draw a simple gear train

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

54
Q

Draw the symbol for a simple gear train

A

note 24T means 24 teeth

55
Q

How can the velocity ratio for a simple gear train be worked out

A

Velocity ratio = Number of teeth on the driven gear/Number of teeth on the driver gear

56
Q

What is the velocity ratio if the driver gear has 20 teeth and the driven gear has 60 teeth

A

Velocity ratio = Number of teeth on the driven gear/Number of teeth on the driver gear

Velocity ratio = 60/20 = 3/1 = 3:1

57
Q

In a simple gear train what does the drive gear cause

A

The drive gear causes the driven gear to turn in the opposite direction

58
Q

What types of gears will rotate faster than others

A

Smaller gears with fewer teeth rotate faster than larger gears with more teeth

59
Q

What is gear ratio

A

The number of turns the driven gear will make for every turn of the drive gear

60
Q

The driven gear has 60 teeth and the driver gear has 15 teeth.
What does this mean for each rotation of the driver gear

A

For each rotation of the driver gear, the driven gear would rotate four times.

Driver gear will rotate 4 times faster (or a quarter the speed) than driven gear

61
Q

What is friction

A

Friction is the resistance of motion when one object rubs against another

62
Q

What is the co-efficient of friction

A

The co-efficient of friction is the amount of friction a material has

63
Q

What does the amount of friction objects may have depend on

A

The amount of friction depends on the materials from which the two objects are made

64
Q

Materials that offer little resistance to a substance moving over them are said to have a __________

A

Materials that offer little resistance to a substance moving over them are said to have a low co-efficient of friction

65
Q

Materials that offers a high resistance to a substance moving over them are said to have a __________

A

Materials that offers a high resistance to a substance moving over them are said to have a high co-efficient of friction

66
Q

How can friction be reduced

A

Reduced by choosing material that have a low co-efficient of friction
Reduced by lubrication

67
Q

Give examples of mechanisms that need friction in order to work

A

Pulley systems
Braking systems

68
Q

What is the materials many gear mechanisms use for the gears.
Why is this.
When is it only suitable

A

Many gear mechanisms use brass for the gears

It is only suitable for applications where forces are small

Brass has a low co-efficient of friction so does not need lubrication

69
Q

What material is used in gears in clocks - why is this

A

Many clocks have brass gears since the forces involved are very small

70
Q

What material is used in gears in cars
Why?

A

Steel - because it is strong and hardwearing (this is important because a lot of torque is transmitted through these gears)

71
Q

What material is in mechanical devices for marine application

A

Stainless steel is used to make pulleys, winches, and an assortment of riggings (since it will not corrode or rust)

72
Q

What are the advantages of nylon gears in some systems

A

These gears can operate with minimum or no lubrication - as they have a relatively low co-efficient of friction

These gears are corrosion-resistant
These gears are quiet in operation

73
Q

What do simple gear trains consist of

A

Simple gear trains consist of two gears.
The gears may be different sizes.

74
Q

What can gear trains be used for

A

Gear trains can be used to change the speed, direction and/or power of the output motion.

75
Q

Examples of gear trains

A

Rack and pinion mechanism
Crank and slider mechanism
Chain and sprocket mechanism

76
Q

Function of a rack and pinion mechanism

A

Rack and pinion mechanisms can turn rotary motion to linear motion or vice versa

77
Q

State an application of a rack and pinion mechanism

A

A pillar drill uses a rack and pinion mechanism
Most cars in the steering system uses a rack and pinion mechanism

78
Q

What does a rack and pinion mechanism consist of

A

Rack (a flat or straight gear whose teeth mesh with the teeth on a pinion gear)
Pinion

79
Q

What material do most rack and pinion systems use and why?

A

Most rack and pinion systems use steel because it is hardwearing

80
Q

Explain how a rack and pinion mechanism works

A

If the pinion is rotated about its centre, the rotary motion created will be converted into the linear motion of the rack causing the rack to move in a straight line in one direction.

If the rack is moved, the linear motion created will be converted into the rotary motion of the pinon, causing the pinon to rotate about its centre

81
Q

Draw a rack and pinion mechanism

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

82
Q

Draw the symbol for a rack and pinion mechanism

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

83
Q

Function of a crank and slider mechansim

A

A crank and slider mechanism can turn rotary motion to linear motion or vice versa

84
Q

Explain how a crank and slider mechanism works

A

By rotating a crank, the rotary motion created will be converted into the linear motion of the slider, which causes the slider to move back and forwards along a cylinder or a track

If the slider produces the input, the linear motion created will be converted into the rotary motion of the crank, causing the crank to rotate

85
Q

State an application of a crank and slider mechanism

A

A piston in a car engine uses the crank and slider mechanism

86
Q

What are the sliders (pistons - as they are called in engines) and the crankshafts in a car made of
Why?

A

They are made from an an aluminium alloy because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and because it conducts heat very well.
The crankshafts in a car are made from steel because of its strength, toughness and hardness

87
Q

State the function of a chain and sprocket mechanism

A

A chain and sprocket mechanism transfers rotary motion to rotary motion elsewhere in a machine - such as bicycles and motorcycles

88
Q

What is a sprocket and what are chains made up of

A

A sprocket is a toothed wheel
A chain is made up of links that can pivot and go over the teeth on a sprocket.

89
Q

How does a sprocket and chain mechanism work

A

Rotary motion is transmitted between the shafts that the sprockets are attached to - by the grip that the chain links have on the teeth of the sprocket as it rotates.

90
Q

What will happen if the sprocket on the motor is larger than the sprocket is is driving

A

If the sprocket on the motor is larger than the sprocket it is driving, then the powered sprocket will spin faster and the torque will increase

91
Q

How can you work out the velocity ration for a sprocket and chain system

A

Velocity ratio = number of teen on the driven sprocket / number of teeth on the driver sprocket

92
Q

If a bicycle has 60 teeth on the sprocket attached to the pedals and 12 teeth on the sprocket attached to the back wheels, what is the velocity ratio

A

Velocity ratio = number of teen on the driven sprocket / number of teeth on the driver sprocket

Velocity ratio = 12/60
Velocity ratio = 1/5 = 1:5

93
Q

If a bicycle has 60 teeth on the sprocket attached to the pedals and 12 teeth on the sprocket attached to the back wheels,
What does this mean for each rotation of the driver sprocket

A

Velocity ratio = 1:5

For each rotation of the driven gear, the driver gear would rotate four times.

The driven sprocket will rotate five times faster than the driver sprocket

94
Q

Draw the symbol for a chain and sprocket mechanism

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

95
Q

Function of pulley systems

A

Pulley systems transmit rotary motion to rotary motion in machines

96
Q

What is a pulley

A

A wheel with a groove in its rim

97
Q

How are pulleys connected.

A

Two pulleys are connected together by a flexible belt that will transmit rotary motion and torqueQ

98
Q

What do different sized pulleys connected together cause

A

Different sized pulleys connected together either increase or decrease the speed of rotation and increase or decrease the torque transmitted.

99
Q

Why is it important for the belt not to slip on the pulley

A

To ensure all movement is to be transferred

100
Q

What are pulleys and bels made from and why?

A

Pulleys made from a variety of materials including aluminium.

The majority of belts used in pulley systems are made from rubber

101
Q

When is aluminium used for pulleys

A

Aluminium is used for pulleys in machines using large turning forces because of its high tensile strength and relatively low weight`

102
Q

Why is rubber used for belts in pulley system

A

Rubber reinforced with high tensile materials like Kevlar (to prevent stretching ) is used in belts so that it gets a good grip on the pulleys

103
Q

What is the preferred material to make pulleys for marine applications

A

Stainless steel - it will not corrode or rust

104
Q

What can drive a simple pulley system

A

An electric motor can drive a simple pulley system

https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-5918142c186a8e9e6e18907d548f7d31

105
Q

Draw the symbol for a simple pulley system

A

file:///C:/Users/44748/Documents/DT%20Section%20A%20-%20Mechanical%20devices.pdf

106
Q

What will happen if the pully on the motor is larger than the pulley it is driving

A

If the pulley on the motor is larger than the pulley it is driving, the driven pulley will spin faster but the torque will be less

107
Q

What will happen if the pulley on the motor is smaller than the pulley it is driving

A

If the pulley on the motor is smaller than the pulley it is driving, then the driven pulley will spin slower but the torque will be increased

108
Q

What is velocity ratio

A

the speed the pulleys turn in relation to each other

109
Q

How can speed changes be achieved on pulley systems

A

Speed changes can be achieved by varying the diameters of the pulleys.
e.g. a small diameter pulley of 50 mm driving a larger diameter pulley of 200mm reduces the speed of rotation

110
Q

How can velocity ratio for pulleys be calculated

A

Velocity ratio = diameter of the driven pulley/ diameter of the driver pulley

111
Q

a small diameter pulley of 50 mm driving a larger diameter pulley of 200mm reduces the speed of rotation

calculate velocity ratio

A

Velocity ratio = diameter of the driven pulley/ diameter of the driver pulley

velocity ratio = 200/50 = 4/1 = 4:1

112
Q

What does the ratio 4:1 mean in terms for each rotation of the driven pulley

A

Driven pulley will rotate four times slower than the driver pulley (or at a quarter the speed)

Driver pulley will rotate four times faster than the driven pulley (four times the speed)

GCSE Design and Technology (16 decks)

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