Section 9 - Use of Biological Resources P2

Question 1

Where in the UK is there fish farmed in cages in the sea?

Answer 1

Salmon farming in Scotland

Question 2

Why are fish farmed in cages in the sea?

Answer 2

• To stop them using as much energy swimming about

- It protects them from interspecific predation

Question 3

What is interspecific predation for fish farming?

Answer 3

being eaten by other animals like birds or seals

Question 4

What diet are fish fed in fish farms?

Answer 4

• fed a diet of food pellets that’s carefully controlled to maximise the amount of energy they get
• the better quality the food is, the quicker and bigger the fish will grow (good, since fish is a great source of protein)

Question 5

Why are different ages of fish kept in different cages?

Answer 5

• young fish are reared in special tanks to ensure as many survive as possible
• younger fish and older ones are kept in separate tanks, and are provided with regular food so the big fish don’t eat the smaller ones

Question 6

What is intraspecific predation?

Answer 6

Where organisms eat individuals of the same species

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of fish being kept in cages?

Answer 7

-more prone to disease and parasites

Question 8

What is a specific example of a pest that affects fish farming?

Answer 8

sea lice

• can be treated with pesticides that kill them (can cause water pollution from chemical pesticides)
• biological pest control can be used instead, wrasse(a small fish) eats the lice off the backs of salmon

Question 9

What can fish be selectively bred to achieve?

Answer 9

Fish can be selectively bred to produce less aggressive, faster-growing fish

Question 10

What fish can be farmed in tanks?

Answer 10

Freshwater fish (e.g. carp) can be farmed in ponds or indoors in tanks where conditions can be controlled, especially used to control water quality

Question 11

What are the conditions that can be controlled by fish being farmed in tanks?

Answer 11

• water can be monitored to check the temperature, pH and oxygen level is okay
• easy to control how much food is supplied and give exactly the right sort of food
• water can be removed and filtered to get rid of waste food and fish waste

Question 12

Why does water which fish are farmed in need to be removed and filtered?

Answer 12

-to keep the water clean for the fish and avoids pollution wherever the water ends up

Question 13

What is micropropagation?

Answer 13

Plants being cloned from existing plants

Question 14

Describe the process of micropropagation:

Answer 14

• explants are sterilised to kill any microorganism
• explants are then grown in vitro (first grown on nutrient medium they form groups of undifferentiated cells called a callus)
• cells in the explant divide and grow into a small plant, if large quantities of plants are required, further explants can be taken from these small plants
• small plants are taken out of the medium, planted in the soil and put in glasshouses, they develop into genetically identical to the original plants (so share the same characteristics)

Question 15

What plants are chose to undergo micropropagation?

Answer 15

Plants with desirable characteristics (e.g. large fruit or pretty flowers)

Question 16

What are explants?

Answer 16

Explants are small pieces of plant taken from the tip of the stems and the side shoots of this plant

Question 17

What does it mean for plants to be grown in vitro?

Answer 17

Plants are placed in a petri dish containing a nutrient medium
-the medium has all the nutrients the explants need to grow, also contains growth hormones

Question 18

What was the first successfully cloned mammal from a mature (adult) cell?

Answer 18

Dolly the sheep in 1996

Question 19

Describe the process for cloning an animal, using an example you have studied?

Answer 19

Dolly the sheep

• the nucleus of a sheep’s egg cell was removed
• a diploid nucleus was inserted in its place (this nucleus was from a mature udder cell of a different sheep)
• cell was stimulated (by an electric shock) so it started dividing by mitosis as if it was a normal fertilised egg
• the dividing cell was implanted into the uterus of another sheep to develop until it was ready to be born
• Dolly was then created as a clone of the sheep that the udder cell came from

Question 20

What is an enucleated cell?

Answer 20

A cell without a nucleus

Question 21

How can cloned transgenic animals can be used to produce human proteins?

Answer 21

• cows and sheep make protein naturally in their milk
• transferring human genes into the cells of these animals, researchers have managed to produce useful human proteins in their milk
• produce human antibodies (used in therapy for illnesses like arthritis, some cancers and multiple sclerosis)

Question 22

What have transgenic chickens been engineered for?

Answer 22

Been engineered to produce human proteins in egg whites

Question 23

How can transgenic animals have their useful genetic characteristics be passed on?

Answer 23

By being cloned