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CGP Biology > Section 4 - Respiration and Gas Exchange P1 > Flashcards

Section 4 - Respiration and Gas Exchange P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process of transferring energy from glucose, which happens constantly in every living cell

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2
Q

Can energy produced by respiration be used by cells?

A

No, so the energy is used to make a substance called ATP

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3
Q

What does ATP do?

A

ATP stores the energy needed by many cell processes

-when a cell needs energy, ATP molecules are broken down and energy is released

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4
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic

anaerobic

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5
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration when there’s plenty of oxygen available

-it’s the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

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6
Q

For aerobic respiration how many ATP molecules do you get from one glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

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7
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

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8
Q

What is the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

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9
Q

When you do vigorous exercise and your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration, what happens?

A

Even though your heart and breathing rates increase as much as they can
-your muscles have to start respiring anaerobically as well

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10
Q

For anaerobic respiration how many ATP molecules do you get from one glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose

-much less efficient

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11
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A
  • the glucose is partially broken down
  • lactic acid is produced
  • lactic acid builds up in the muscles and gets painful and leads to cramp
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12
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

glucose -> lactic acid (+energy)

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13
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

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14
Q

What indicator can be used to show the presence of CO₂?

A

hydrogen-carbonate indicator

-changes colour from orange to yellow in the presence of carbon dioxide (acidic)

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15
Q

Describe an experiment for how you can prove that respiration releases carbon dioxide:

A
  • soak some dried beans in water, they will start to germinate (will respire)
  • boil some another bunch of dried beans, this will kill them (won’t respire) (act as the control)
  • put the same amount of hydrogen-carbonate into two test tubes
  • place a platform of gauze in each test tube and put the beans on it
  • put a bung on the test tubes and leave for an hour
  • look at the change in colour of the indicator (germinating beans indicator will be yellow)
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16
Q

Describe an experiment for how you can prove that respiration releases carbon dioxide:

A
  • soak some dried beans in water, they will start to germinate (will respire)
  • boil some another bunch of dried beans, this will kill them (won’t respire) (act as the control)
  • put the same amount of hydrogen-carbonate into two test tubes
  • place a platform of gauze in each test tube and put the beans on it
  • put a bung on the test tubes and leave for an hour
  • look at the change in colour of the indicator (germinating beans indicator will be yellow)
17
Q

Describe an experiment for how temperature change produced by respiration can be measured:

A
  • soak some dried beans in water, they will start to germinate (will respire)
  • boil some another bunch of dried beans, this will kill them (won’t respire) (act as the control)
  • add the beans to a vacuum flask (leave some air in)
  • place a thermometer in and seal with cotton wool
  • record the temperature of the flasks daily for a week
  • repeat
  • flask with alive beans will rise in temperature
18
Q

How are waste products from photosynthesis and respiration released?

A

Photosynthesis waste product: OXYGEN
Respiration waste product: CARBON DIOXIDE
-released through stomata on the underside of leaves

19
Q

What is your thorax?

A

the upper part of your body

20
Q

What separates the thorax from the lower part of the body?

A

the diaphragm

21
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleural membranes

-protected by the ribcage (intercostal muscles run between the ribs)

22
Q

What is the journey which air which you breath in goes on?

A
  • in through the trachea
  • down a bronchus (trachea splits into two bronchi)
  • down a bronchiole (bronchus splits into bronchioles)
  • into an alveoli, where gas exchange takes place
23
Q

What happens in your thorax when you breath in?

A
  • intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract

- thorax volume increases, this decreases the pressure, drawing air in

24
Q

What happens in your thorax when you breath out

A
  • intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

- thorax volume decreases, this increases the pressure, forcing air out

25
Q

Describe an experiment for how to investigate the effects of exercise on breathing rate:

A
  • sit still for 5 mins,then measure heart rate for 1 min
  • do 4 mins of exercise and measure your heart rate again
  • repeat and work out the mean results (could try other people to compare results)
26
Q

Why does exercise increase your breathing rate?

A
  • your muscles respire more
  • so they need more oxygen and need more carbon dioxide removed
  • so your breathing rate increases
27
Q

Describe an experiment for how to investigate the effects of respiration on the release of carbon dioxide in your breath:

A
  • set up two boiling tubes with lime water in connected by pipes, and a mouth piece
  • breath in and out on the mouth piece several times
  • as you breath in tube A has air drawn from the room and therefore the limewater is still clear
  • as you breath out tube B turns cloudy as your breath contains carbon dioxide produced in respiration
28
Q

What gas exchange happens in the alveoli?

A
  • blood passing the alveoli has just returned from the rest of the body so it has lots of carbon dioxide in
  • oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the red blood cells, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood plasma into the alveolus
29
Q

What gas exchange happens when blood reaches other parts of the body?

A
  • oxygen is released from the red blood cells into the body cells
  • carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells into the blood, where it is carried back to the lungs
30
Q

How are alveoli specialised for gas exchange?

A
  • huge number of them(microscopic) - large surface area
  • moist lining for gases to dissolve in
  • thin walls (one cell thick) - short diffusion distance
  • great blood supply - to maintain high concentration gradient
  • walls are permeable -gases diffuse easily
31
Q

What diseases can smoking cause?

A
  • emphysema
  • chest infections
  • chronic bronchitis
  • coronary heart disease
  • cancer
32
Q

How can smoking cause emphysema?

A
  • smoking damages the walls inside the alveoli

- reducing the surface area for gas exchange

33
Q

How can smoking cause chest infections?

A
  • tar in cigarettes damages cilia
  • cilia are essential for catching dust and bacteria in mucus in the trachea
  • also sweep mucus back towards the mouth
34
Q

How can smoking cause chronic bronchitis?

A
  • tar irritates the bronchi and bronchioles

- this encourages mucus to be produced, which can’t be cleared well by the damaged cilia

35
Q

How can smoking cause coronary heart disease?

A
  • carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry
  • to make up for this heart rate increases, leading to increased blood pressure
  • high blood pressure damages artery walls making blood clots more likely
36
Q

How can smoking cause cancer?

A

tabacco smoke also contains carcinogens (chemicals that lead to cancer)

CGP Biology (19 decks)

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