Section 8.3: Peace And Conflict Flashcards
0
Q
Consequences of war
A
Hatred Uncertainty Death Destruction Famine Refugees Economic ruin
1
Q
Some reasons why war starts
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Political Economic Defensive Racial Competition for resources Religious
2
Q
Hiroshima nuclear uranium bomb
6/8/1945
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Brutal inventions used to wipe out populations, many died in war, mass murder in death camps
3
Q
Increased civilian victims of war
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Due to technology increase
Leaving elderly and children more vulnerable
4
Q
Global expenditure for military uses
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£1.5 million a minute
5
Q
Albert Einstein said what about war
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‘Peace cant be kept by force it can only be achieved by understanding’
6
Q
Gandhi said about war
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An eye for an eye and the world will soon be blind
7
Q
A war caused by nationalism and imperialism
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WWII (1944)
8
Q
War cause by greed
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Spanish civil war (1937)
9
Q
War caused by the breach of human rights
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The war ij Darfur (2003/7)
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Q
War caused by religion
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Israel and palestine ongoing from 1948
11
Q
War caused by natural resources
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Russia and ukraine gas disputes 1990s and 2005-2006
12
Q
war caused by alliances
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WWI (1914)
13
Q
War caused by land
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Arab-Iraeli conflict 1946 and onwards
14
Q
War caused by militarism
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The iraq war 2003
15
Q
War caused by discrimination and money
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Conflict in Afghanistan (2001)
16
Q
4 reasons behind arab-Israeli conflict
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- long standing jewish persecution/anti-semitism
- WWII/holocaust = mass immigration
- balfour declaration = partitioning of land
- Zionism
- religion, ones of the book jerusalem belong to judaism, xianity and islam
17
Q
What is a just war
A
A war that is fought for the right reasons and in the right way
18
Q
The just war theory was explained by
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Thomas Aquinas
‘Jus as Bellum’
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Q
A just war could be subjective
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‘One mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter’ george bush
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Q
Just authority means
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A war started by a legitimate authority, wars cannot be started by private citizens or incompetent governments.
21
Q
During a conflict what does the right intention mean
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The pursuit of peace and reconciliation including the avoidance of unnecessarily destructive acts or imposing unreasonable conditions.
22
Q
What does the last resort mean in war
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War must be the last resort with all peaceful attempts at resolution exhausted before violence. There should be a fair chance that the war will be won. Hopeless suffering and loss of life for no constructive purpose is wrong. However last resort may be too late
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Q
Pope John XXIII said about war
A
It is impossible to conceive of a just ear in a nuclear age
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Cicero said about war
The only excuse for war is that we may live in peace, unharmed
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Proportionality of war
The damage to be inflicted and the costs incurred by war must be proportionate to the good expected by taking up arms
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The 7 policies of a just war
1) the war must be for a just cause
2) a war must be declared by a lawful authority
3) a war must only be fought to bring about good
4) war must be a last resort
5) there must be a reasonable chance of success
6) only necessary force must be used to achieve the aim
7) only legitimate targets should be attacked
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Jesus said in Matthew 26:52 about war
For all who draw the sword will die by the sword
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Some Christians believe war is a necessary evil
Majority of christians accept this although they prefer to live in peace, they understand that sometimes fighting is the lesser of two evils
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Pacifism
Some christians believe war can never be justified as jesus preached the message of love and peace
Christians should work for conflict resolution through peaceful means
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Absolute pacifism
No engagement in military activity at all (absolutes)
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Relative or selective pacifism
No or contingent engagement in military activity in certain circumstances (relativists)
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Nuclear pacifism
No use of nuclear weapons
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Some pacifist denominations
Quakers, Moravians, pax christi, plymouth brethren
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Conscientious objection
when Christian's private morality supersedes their obligations to the state
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Bonhoeffer pacifist?
First taught pacifism but realised hilter was not going to listen to peaceful protests --> situation ethics
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Oscar romero views on war
Liberation theology
| 'If an injustice is being done, then force may be necessary'
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Exodus 20:13
Thou shalt not murder
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Martin luther king
Returning violence multiplies violence...hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that
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Matthew 5:44
Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who treat you badly and persecute you
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A quotation that inspired the movements of martin luther kind and ghandi (matthew 5:39)
But i tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also
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It is a necessary evil
The just war theory
| Pope Benedict XVI said 'defending oneself and other is a duty'
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Jesus shows we should stand up for what we believe in Luke 11
If you don't have a sword, sell your cloak and buy one
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St Paul states that christians should follow a governing authority's orders (romans 13)
Everyone must obey the state authorities, because no authority exists without God's permission, and the existing authorities have been put there by God
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Biblical teachings against violence and destruction
The decalogue
| Love your neighbour
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What is bullying
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Physical harm
Name calling
Defamation
Stealing/damaging property
Telling lies/starting rumours
False witness
```
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Genesis 1:27 about bullying
So god created mankind in his own image, in the image of god he created them; male and female he created them'
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Romans 13:9-10 on bullying
Love your neighbour as you live yourself, if you love someone you will never do them wrong
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Surah 3 on bullying
Let there arise out of you a band of people inviting to all that is good, enjoying what is right, and forbidding what is wrong
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The ummah on bullying (hadith)
Allah will not show mercy to one who does not show mercy to others
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golden rule for bullying
Discrimination is wrong
| 'In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as Jesus Christ' (philippians 2:5-6)
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Matthew 9:35
Is an example of jesus acting as a good role model as he interacts kindly with those 'cast out' of society
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Christians believe that after death they will be judged by god
Judged how they treat others --> determines heaven or hell
| Bullying is a form of discrimination and can harm people
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Everyone is equal in Allah's eyes and he created every human being
No one should mistreat Allah's creation as it goes against the laws in the Shari'ah about how how to treat one another
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Bullying is a form of injustice and it is a muslims duty to fight injustice
Surah 3
Let there arise out of you a band if people emitting to all that is good, enjoying what is right and forbidding what is wrong
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Islam teaches in the Ummah that all followers are all brother and sisters and bullying goes against the teachings of prophet Muhammad on brotherhood
Hadith says
| Allah will not show mercy to one who does not show mercy to others
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Quran 5:42 says about bullying
Allah loves those who act justly
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Muslim attitudes to war (surah 2:190)
Fight in the case of god those who fight you, but do not transgress the limits; for God loves not the transgressors
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What does islam mean
Peace which describes avoiding war and conflict
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What does jihad mean
Struggle
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What does greater jihad mean
Inner struggle to overcome imperfections
The greater jihad is the personal battle that every muslim has with themselves, whether to do what id right or succumb to temptation and do what we know is wrong
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what does lesser jihad mean
Holy war however very strict conditions and must be the last resort
Muslims also understand that, on occasions, it may be necessary to fight against evil in the world, taking military action in order to bring about a just society
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6 policies of lesser jihad
1) just cause
2) last resort
3) must have muslim authority
4) involve minimal suffering
5) avoid killing civilians
6) war must end when one party surrenders
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Any muslim killed whilst fighting in a holy war is a
Martyr and will go directly to paradise
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Holy War is permitted in islam however
Jihad is so general that it is open to personal interpretation
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Jihad is permitted when
Self defence
Strengthening islam
Protecting freed of muslims to practise their faith
Protecting muslims against oppression, which could include overthrowing a tyrannical ruler
Punishing an enemy who breaks an oath
Putting right a wrong
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Jihad is not permitted when
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Force people to convert to islam
Conquer other nations to colonise them
Take territory for economic gain
Settle disputes
Demonstrate a leader's power
```
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Muhammad as a war role model
He fought in wars
| Made statements in the Hadith which say that Muslims must fight in just wars
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Muslim peace fellowship views on war
Whatever act of violence has just taken place, we deplore it
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How was the terror in Nairobi justified
Al shebab said 'we dont normally harm women and children, but you didn't spare our women and children' said to a british muslim
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How terror in Nairobi was not justified
- only attacked non - muslims as well as some white muslims
- used hostages for human shields, bribes and tortures
- use young and impressionable recruits for the army particularly from africa but also 200 foreigners (50 british)
- western visitors and tourists were the main targets
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Quotation from Ruqaiyyah Maqsood
'Islam is not in favour of wars ... The greetings used by all muslims whom they meet with is Isalaam Aleikum (may peace be with you'
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Muslim Explanation of what it is and why it occurs: arranged marriage
It is the duty of a Muslim father to assist his children in finding the correct marriage partner. This might cause a problem in the family where the children feel they have a right to choose their own partner or don't want to marry at all
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Muslim Explanation of what it is and why it occurs: dress
Islam has particular rules about how a woman should dress modestly at all times. This may cause conflict in a family where young people want to dress like their peers. No muslim parent could allow their children to dress in a sexually provocative way because it is against the teachings of the Qur'an.
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Muslim Explanation of what it is and why it occurs: diet
Religions like islam and judaism have dietary rules set out in the holy scriptures. Children may find these rules outdated and not see the relevance of eating according to religion. For example in the film East is East the children make humour out of eating bacon when their muslim father is out.
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how UN promote world peace through arms control and disarmament
the 1993 chemical weapons convention was was signed banning manufacture and use of chemical weapons
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how UN promote world peace through organisation of peace talks
- Negotiating with different parties within conflict
- they balance both arguments and address the most important issues between them
- one on one meetings with the leaders to personally discuss issues
- ie UN negotiations between anti-government groups in darfur and the sudanese government
- prevented furthher conflict by signing peace treaties
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how UN promote world peace through trade restrictions
- had the power to impose economic sanctions upon countries in conflict or who pose a threat to others
- supposed to force them to comply with the UN
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Muslim Explanation of what it is and why it occurs: attitudes to sexual relationships
Young people brought up in a religious family would be brought up to believe sexual relationships belong inside marriage. This might cause conflicts with young people who want to cohabit before they marry. Issues with contraception may cause issues between couples of different faith. Some religions like islam also believe same sex relationships are wrong; could lead to conflict if a member of the family is gay.
80
how did jesus teach his followers to forgive others
- he said we should have infinite forgiveness
- 'seven times?' peter suggested, but jesus answered 'no, not seven times...but seventy times seven.'
- 'love your neighbour as yourself'
- 'if you hold anything against anyone, forgive him, so that your father in heaven may forgive your sins'
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how was jesus a role model in his interaction with those 'cast out' of society
- the parable of the lost sheep
- the parable of the lost son
- the parable of the lost coin
- jesus was very much for reconciliation
- he teaches to welcome outcasts from society and include them back into society
- forgive those who do wrong rather than reward those who stay right
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catechism teachings of forgiveness
- if christians want to be forgiven, they need to forgive others first
- 'forgiveness is the fundamental condition of reconciliation of the children of God with their father and of men with one another'
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example of truth and reconciliation commission in south africa
lead by demond tutu, says that forgiveness cleanses us and archbishop attempts for the guards who racially killed the black prisoners to apologise on television, justice was served as very hard to admit to wrong doings
84
teachings in Qur'an why forgiveness is important in Islam
- muslims taught that forgiving some is important as Allah will then forgive your own sins
- 'show forgiveness, speak for justice, and avoid the ignorant' (qur'an 7)
- by asking for people's forgiveness for doing wrong and accepting somebody's request for forgiveness, muslims will please Allah
85
forgiveness, the example of Muhammad
- 'control your anger, then forgive your brother. Do you not wish to be forgiven?'
- al-Ghaffar (a name for Allah meaning the ever-forgiving)
- muhammad teaches in the parable, where he frees all his captured leaders from the city of Mecca, that showing mercy and forgiveness is not a sign of weakness
86
Teachings about the day of judgement in Islam
- when muslims die they believe allah will judge them on the way they have lived their life on earth
- recognise and admit they have made mistakes and ask for forgiveness from allah
- ask for forgiveness from the person themselves and try to make up for the wrong they have done to someone
- aim not to commit that sin again
- ' don't forgive wilfully unjust. if we tolerate wrong by allowing it to run rampart when we can prevent it, we fail in our duty to allah'
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(B) do you think wars are ever necessary
- yes in certain cases
- WW2 yes, aim to rid hitler, cause of millions of deaths to cleanse the nation, immoral, would've spiralled out of control
- dictatorship leaders yes, Stalin's cruel unnecessary motives, broke most religious and ethic morals
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Why christians think war is a necessary evil
-'defending oneself and others is a duty' (pope XVI)
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Why jesus shows that christians should stand up for what they believe in
- the cleansing of the temple
| - 'if you dont have a sword, Sell your cloak and buy one' (luke 22)
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St paul states that christians should follow a governing authority's orders:
Romans 13
-everyone must obey the state authorities, because no authority exists without God's permission, and the existing authorities have been put there by God
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Examples of christians who have felt it necessary to fight
Dietrich bonhoeffer
| Oscar romero and liberation theology 'if an injustice is being done, force may be necessary'
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Pacifism and the teachings of jesus
No engagement in any violence what so ever
Preached for peace
'For all who draw the sword will die by the sword' (matthew 26)
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Examples of christians that have been pacifist or who have conscientiously objected to going to war
- quakers are only pacifists
- martin lither king --> absolute pacifist
- used non-violence as a weapon
- 'but i tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek turn to him the other also' (matthew 9)
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Biblical teachings against violence and destruction
- the decalogue
| - love your neighbour
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Muslims conditions for a just war
Lesser jihad
- self defence
- strengthening islam
- protecting the freedom of Muslims to practise their faith
- protecting muslims against oppression, which could include overthrowing a tyrannical ruler
- punishing an enemy who breaks an oath
- putting right a wrong
- when main aim achieved the fighting must stop
- innocent civilians not to be targeted
96
Reasons why a muslim must fight
- if they are attacked
- if they are in a just war
- punish an enemy who breaks an oath
- qur'an lays down reasons for war
- mohammad fought in wars
- mohammad made many statements about war which say that muslims must fight
- qur'an states that anyone who die fighting will go straight to paradise
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Teachings from the qur'an for war
'Good deeds and evil deeds are not equal. Requite evil with good'
'Fight for the sake of god those that fight against you. But do not attack them first'
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How the UN promotes peace through peacekeeping forces
A 'truly international peace and police force'
- can impose military action and send armed forces to aggressive countries
- 1991 drove the invading iraqi forces out of Kuwait
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How the UN promotes peace through military action
-have the ability to send in troops to areas and countries that are
threatening
-aka the blue helmets
-defends civilians, helps necessities to not be of shortage
-helped protect civilians in darfur
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Examples of mohammad in war
- fought in wars (battle of badr 624 CE)
- 'march in the name of allah'
- 'kill not the old, nor the young children, nor the women'
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How does islam promote peace, quotation from Ruqaiyyah Maqsood
'Islam is not in favour of wars, one meaning of the word islam is peace, the greetings used by all muslims...mean peace be with you'
102
The muslim peace fellowship
Motto of the organisation is
| 'Whatever act of violence has just taken place, we deplore it'
103
Modern weapon usage for islam
- especially nuclear weapons cannot possible be used in a way that is compatible with the muslim rules about fighting in war
- innocent civilians will always be affected by weapons of mass destruction
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Against 'terrorist' acts such as those of Al Qaeda, Boko Harram and Al Shabaab
- he killing of very young children in Nairobi, eg would not be permitted
- violence only leads to more violence
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reasons why the just war theory would not work
- war being justified is subjective, 'one mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter', outlines not clearly defined
- all war violates human rights, pope john XXIII said 'it is impossible to conceive of a just war in a nuclear age'
- last resort theory may be acted on to late like WW2 The appeasement signed by chamberlain from hitler prolonged the war, last resort they went to war
106
How can the just war theory work
- imposes some force of morality in a war, controls horrendous events like the repetition of hiroshima
- prevents mass civilian destruction like arab israeli conflict thousands forced out of their homes
- reasonable chance in political and peaceful success, lack of morals and much aggression of the 100 year war caused it be unnecessarily long
107
Religious organisations for peace
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World council of Churches
Pax Christi
The Quakers
Islamic Relief
Muslim Peace Fellowship
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How many times should we forgive
A disciple asked jesus how many times and he replied with an infinite amount, ongoing process
109
what does the Lord's prayer say about forgiveness
expect to be forgiven and forgive other
| it is common in humanity to make mistakes
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what does Jesus say about forgiveness
when he is crucified he says 'Father, forgive them', teaches people to welcome those who have sinned back and include the outcasts of society
111
what does the Catechism say about forgiveness
'forgiveness is the fundamental condition of the reconciliation of the children'
112
what does Archbishop Desmond Tutu say about forgiveness
'some people think reconciliation is a soft option, that it means papering over the cracks. but the biblical meaning means looking facts in the face and it can be very costly; it cost Got the death of his own son'
113
what does Islam say about forgiveness
we should forgive but some sins are unforgivable such as working against Islam and denying Muslim principles
114
matthew 5.43 about forgiveness
'but i tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you'
115
why do christians want to forgive and try to bring reconciliation
- jesus died on the cross to bring forgiveness and reconciliation
- when peter asked if he should forgive his brother up to seven times, jesus told him that he should forgive up to 77 times
- jesus said that if people do not forgive those who have sinned against them, god will not forgive their sins
- St Paul said that Christians should try to live in peace with everyone
116
what does the parable of the Lost Son teach about forgiveness and reconciliation
harder to change/give up rather than not doing wrong in the first place
harder to say sorry
117
muslims should forgive people and it will be Allah who decides who is punished
'so pardon and overlook until Allah delivers His command' (Qur'an 2:109)
118
allah will reward those who are sorry for their wrongdoings
'whoever pardons and makes reconciliation - his reward is [due] from Allah'
119
what does the Hadith say about forgiveness
'be forgiving and control yourself in the face of provocation'
120
what does the Surah say about forgiveness
'a kind word with forgiveness is better than charity followed by injury'
121
3 key areas where Muslims learn about forgiveness:
- the teaching of the Qur'an 'show forgiveness, speak for justice, and avoid the ignorant'
- the example of Muhammad 'control your anger, then forgive your brother. do you not wish to be forgiven?
- teachings about the day of judgement --> ask forgiveness from Allah then ask forgiveness from the person themselves
