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Auxilary Equipment Part 2 > Section 8 - Ship Construction and Dry Docking > Flashcards

Section 8 - Ship Construction and Dry Docking Flashcards

1
Q

List the Pros and Cons of Steel regarding shipbuilding?

A

Pros
- Relatively inexpensive
- Easy to construct
- Not easily damaged
- Good fire resistance

Cons
- Corrodes
- Heavy
- Not easy to work
- Magnetic (Affects Compass)

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2
Q

List the Pros and Cons of Aluminium regarding shipbuilding?

A

Pros
- Light weight
- Does not rust
- Easy to work

Cons
- Expensive
- Poor fire resistance
- Corrodes rapidly

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3
Q

List the Pros and Cons of GRP regarding shipbuilding?

A

Pros
- Corrosion free
- One piece hull
- Lightweight
- Inexpensive for mass production
- Non magnetic

Cons
- Easily damaged
- Poor fire resistance
- Osmosis
- Expensive for one off hull
- Transmits noise and vibration easily

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4
Q

What are there advantages of Explosion Bonding Structural Transition Joints?

A
  • Permanent Maintenance Free
  • Can be installed by one operative.
  • Continuous joint, even stress distribution
  • Rigorously tested approved product
  • Watertight
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5
Q

Why is Explosion Bonding Used?

A

To join a aluminium superstructure to a Steel hull

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6
Q

Explain Galvanic Action?

A

This occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, commonly salt water.

For example Steel and Aluminium are far apart on the galvanic series so rapid corrosion will take place. The only way to prevent this is by using insulators.

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7
Q

What are 3 of the most important drawings for Constructing a vessel?

A
  • The sheer profile
  • The half breadth plan
  • The body plan
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8
Q

What are the line plans used for?

A

To calculate the vessels stability and displacement

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9
Q

What ship plans related to the GA?

A
  • Fire control plan
  • Stability data plan
  • Damage control plan
  • Cargo storage plan
  • Fire fighting plan
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10
Q

What is the effect of a bilge keel?

A

Increases water pressure over a large surface of the hull which reduces rolling of the vessel.

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11
Q

What are the design of frames intended for?

A
  • Reduce hull Shell weight (Mass)
  • Eliminate broken stowage
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12
Q

What are the 3 approved ways of framing?

A
  • Transverse Framing
  • Longitudinal Framing
  • Combination Framing (Mixture of the transverse and longitudinal)
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13
Q

What are the statutory requirements regarding the Bottom Structure of a vessel?

A

Any vessel above 50m in length must be of a double bottom.

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14
Q

What does the bottom structure normally comprises?

A
  • Bottom Shell Plating
  • The Keel
    -The Floors
  • Continuous Centre Girder
  • Transverse Floors
  • Intercostal Side Girders
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15
Q

What are the 4 main functions of a double bottom?

A
  • STRENGTH. They provide support for heavy machinery or cargo and must resist stress
    of water pressure and pounding
  • STORAGE. Segregates compartments for different fluids / materials
  • SAFETY. Secondary barrier in case of hull or bottom shell penetration
  • Stability. Used as ballast or buoyancy tanks
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16
Q

What are the different types of keels?

A
  • Bar Keel
  • Plate Keel
  • Duct Keel
  • Box Keel
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17
Q

Why do some floors have rounded sections removed?

A

These are know as Lightening holes. They are removed to reduce weight and allowing for runs of pipe work.

18
Q

What 3 types of floor constructions are there?

A
  • Solid (Plate) Floor
  • Bracket Floor
  • Combination of both
19
Q

Provide 8 functions of a bulkhead?

A

§ Subdivide the vessel into watertight compartments;
§ Reduce free surface effect;
§ Damage control in the event of flooding;
§ Subdivide compartments and working spaces;
§ Give transverse strength
§ Give longitudinal strength
§ Give support to decks, superstructures, cranes, derricks and deck machinery etc;
§ Prevent the spread of fire.

20
Q

Where are bulkhead manditory?

A
  • Collision Bulkhead
  • Aft peak Bulkhead enclosing stern tube
  • Each end of a machinery space
21
Q

What are the requirements of a collision bulkhead?

A

It is 12% thicker than the other bulkheads and is usually sited 5-8 % x Length Between Perpendicular aft of the Forward Perpendicular

22
Q

What is the minimum thickness for any bulkhead?

A

5.5mm

23
Q

How often do tanks need to be tested?

A

Every 5 years or if there has been any alteration/ repairs.

24
Q

What are the requirements for hose testing the structure?

A

Pressure of 2 bar from an 18mm nozzle, at a distance of no more that 1.5m

25
Q

What requirements are there for opening through water tight bulkheads?

A

1 minimum amount possible;
2 small as possible;
3 high as possible;
4 should not affect watertight integrity;
5 any doors, covers, etc. must maintain watertight integrity
6 must not fail due to fire or heat.
7 should not affect the strength of bulkhead - strengthened by thicker plating

26
Q

What requirements are there for pipes through water tight bulkheads?

A
  • As small as possible;
  • As high as possible on the bulkhead;
  • Pipes must be flanged — not welded on to the bulkhead;
  • Opening in bulkhead strengthened,
  • Studs or bolts should not pass through bulkhead,
  • Valves fitted to tank bulkheads, should be fitted outside the tank, with operating
    handles on deck;
  • Valves on collision bulkhead should be aft of bulkhead, with operation from
    above deck;
  • Jointing should not fail due to pressure or heat.
27
Q

What requirements are there for electrical cables through water tight bulkheads?

A
  • As high as possible on the bulkhead;
  • Pass through a watertight/fire retardant gland;
  • Should not fail due to pressure or heat.
28
Q

What requirements are there for watertight doors through water tight bulkheads?

A
  • Be the same strength as bulkhead,
  • Be watertight;
  • Can be hand operated locally from either side;
  • Can be operated with a 15 degree list.
  • Operated from above bulkhead deck, such as a damage control centre;
  • Indicator at remote operational position.
  • When power operated should have audible alarm
  • Below the load waterline, doors must be of the sliding type. Above the load waterline, hinged doors are permitted
29
Q

What are the requirements for hull fittings?

A
  • Valves should be made of cast steel, bronze or of equivalent ductile material, NOT cast iron.
  • Valves are flanged at the ends
  • The hull opening should be strengthened, (usually by a flange).
  • Bolts and studs should not pass through the hull.
  • The fitting should maintain watertight integrity.
  • All valves should be fully accessible.
  • All valves should be fitted with an open / shut indicator.
  • All sea water inlets must have gratings on the outside of the hull.
  • Pipes should be heavy gauge steel, copper or of equivalent material.
30
Q

List reasons why some vessels have a bulbous bow?

A
  • Increase ships speed
  • Reduce pitching
  • Increase buoyancy forward
  • Reduce the bow wave by wave cancelling
31
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of a Bulbous Bow?

A

Advantages
* May give 2-3%improvement in hull efficiency
* May improve propeller efficiency by 8%
* Reduction in bow wave making.
* Increased capacity of the forepeak tank
* Possible improvement in steering
* Possible reduction in pitching.

Disadvantages
* Increase in skin friction due to larger surface area.
* Vulnerable to damage in port or when manoeuvring.
* May give rise to whipping after slamming in heavy weather.
* Possible increased construction costs.
* In collision will cause damage to both vessels beneath the waterline.

32
Q

List the 5 main causes of vibration onboard?

A
  • Shafting
  • Propeller
  • Auxiliary Machinery
  • Main Propulsion Machinery
  • Wave induced vibration
33
Q

What are the 2 types of stresses onboard?

A
  • Structural stress, stress that affects the whole vessel;
  • Local stress, stress that only affects a particular part of a vessel.
34
Q

What can 2 ways can stress be caused on a vessel?

A
  • Dynamic stress, stress caused by movement of the vessel
  • Static stress, stress caused by local effects.
35
Q

Explain the 3 forms of stress?

A
  • Tensile stress, a force that tends to increase the length;
  • Compressive stress, a force that tends to decrease the length;
  • Shear stress, when two opposing forces cause the various parts of the section to slide on over the other.
36
Q

What are the common causes of Hogging and Sagging?

A
  • Heavy seas, when the waves and boat length are equal
  • Badly distributed cargo
37
Q

Explain what panting is?

A

It is caused by fluctuating water pressure squeezing the hull. It most severe forward of the collision bulkhead when the vessel is running into a
head sea and pitching heavily.

38
Q

Explain pounding?

A

Local stress that is caused by a vessel being driven into a head sea. The bottom of the hull, aft of the collision bulkhead starts to fill in, creating a flat area.

It is most severe in light ship conditions.

39
Q

Explain racking?

A

The transverse distortion of the structure caused by rolling in a beam sea.

40
Q

What are the 6 degrees of freedom?

A
  • Pitch
  • Heave
  • Yaw
  • Roll
  • Surge
  • Sway

Auxilary Equipment Part 2 (8 decks)

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