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biology Gcse > Section 8- Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Section 8- Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What do organisms need to do

A

All organisms must take in substances that they need from the environment and get rid of any waste products

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2
Q

Examples of organisms exchanging materials

A
  • cells need OXYGEN for aerobic respiration, which produces CARBON DIOXIDE as a WASTE PRODUCT. These 2 gases move between cells and the environment by diffusion
  • water is taken up by cells by OSMOSIS. In animals, dissolved food molecules and mineral ions diffuse along with it.
  • urea (waste product produced by animals from proteins) diffuses from cells to the blood plasma for removal from the body by the kidneys
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3
Q

What is depended on the surface area:volume ratio

A

How easy it is for an organism to exchange substances with its environment depends on the SA:V

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4
Q

What is the alveoli

A
  • exchange surface found in the lungs of mammals. They’re well adapted for the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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5
Q

What is exchange in single called organisms

A

Gases and dissolved substances can diffuse directly into the cell across the cell membrane, it is because they have large surface area compared to their volume, so enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the volume of the cell

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6
Q

What is exchange in multicellular organisms

A

They have smaller surface areas compared to their volume. This makes it difficult to exchange enough substances to supply their entire volume across their outside surface alone. So they need some sort of exchange surface for efficient diffusion and mass transport system to move substances between the exchange surface and the rest of the body.

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7
Q

What do exchange surfaces have to allow

A

They have to allow enough of the necessary substances to pass through, so they are adapted to maximise effectiveness

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8
Q

Gas exchange in mammals in the alveoli

A
  1. The job of the lungs is to transfer oxygen to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide from it.
  2. To do this, the lungs contain millions of little air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
  3. Blood arriving at the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it contains a lot of carbon dioxide and not much oxygen. This maximises the concentration gradient for the diffusion of both gases
  4. Oxygen diffuses out of the air in the alveoli where the concentration of oxygen is higher and into the blood where the concentration of oxygen is low
  5. Oxygen diffuses in the opposite direction to be breathed out
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9
Q

How is alveoli adapted for efficient gas exchange

A
  • moist lining for dissolving gasses
  • a good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • very thin walls to minimise the distance that gases have to move
  • large surface area
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10
Q

What is the role of blood cells

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells i the body

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11
Q

Adaptations of red blood cells

A
  1. They have a biconcave disk shape to give a large surface area for absorbing oxygen
  2. They don’t have a nucleus which allows more room to carry oxygen.
  3. They contain a red pigment called haemoglobin which contains iron.
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12
Q

What happened to the red blood cells in high altitudes?

A

The more red blood cells you’ve got the more oxygen you can get your cells at high altitudes. There’s less oxygen in the air so people who live there produce more red blood cells to compensate.

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13
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

In the lungs, haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin. In body tissues, the reverse happens, oxyhaemoglobin, split up into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells.

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14
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells defend against infection

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15
Q

Types of white blood cells

A
  1. Phagocytes.
  2. Lymphocyte.
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16
Q

Phagocytes

A

Phagocytes are white blood cells that can change shape to engulf microorganisms. This is called phagocytosis.

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17
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms. Some also produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced by the microorganisms.

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18
Q

What do white blood cells do when there’s an infection?

A

When you have an infection, your white blood cells multiply to fight it off, so a blood test will show you a high white blood cell count

19
Q

Platelets

A
  • help blood clots
  • small fragments of cells so they have no nucleus
  • They help blood clot at wound- to stop or your blood pouring out and to stop micro organisms getting in
20
Q

What happens if there is a lack of platelets

A

It can cause excessive bleeding and bruising

21
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is a liquid that carries everything in the blood

22
Q

What does plasma carry?

A
  • Red and white blood cells and platelets
  • Nutrients like glucose and amino acids. They are soluble products of digestion, which are absorbed from the gut and taken to the cells of the body.
    -Carbon dioxide from the organs to the lungs
    -urea from the liver to the kidneys
  • Hormones
  • Proteins
  • Antibodies and antitoxins produced by the white blood cells
23
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A
  1. Arteries- which carries blood AWAY from the heart.
  2. Capillaries.- which are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissue
  3. Veins, - these carry the blood TO the heart.
24
Q

Arteries

A
  1. The heart pumps the blood out at high-pressure, so the artery walls are strong and elastic.
  2. The walls are thick compared to the lumen
  3. They contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow to stretch and spring back.
25
Q

Capillaries

A
  1. Arteries branch into capillaries.
  2. Capillaries are really tiny, so you can’t see it.
  3. The end very narrow so they can squeeze into the gaps between cells. This means I can carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them.
  4. They have permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out.
  5. They supply food and oxygen and takeaway waste like carbon dioxide.
  6. There was a usually one so thick. This increases the ratio of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which occurs
26
Q

Veins

A
  1. Veins carry blood back to the heart.
  2. Capillaries eventually join up to form veins.
  3. The blood is at lower pressure in the veins. So the walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls
  4. They have a bigger lumen than arteries to help the blood flow, despite the lower pressure.
    5 they also have valves to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction
27
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Mammals have a double circulatory system this means that the heart pumps blood around the body in 2 circuits

28
Q

What happens in the first circuit of the heart?

A

The heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take an oxygen, oxygenated blood, then returns the heart

29
Q

What happened in the second circuit of the heart?

A

The heart pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs and around all the body deliver oxygen to the body cells. Then deoxygenated blood returns to the heart

30
Q

What system do fish have?

A

Single circulatory system, deoxygenated blood from the fish’s body travels to the heart, which then pumps it right around the body again in a single circuit, the gills is where are it picks up oxygen

31
Q

How does the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels?

A

1), the right atrium of the heart, receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava
2) the deoxygenated blood goes to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs by the pulmonary artery
3) the left atrium receive the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the pulmonary vein
4) the oxygenated blood that moves through the left ventricle, which pumps it out round the whole body from the aorta

32
Q

What is the difference between the left ventricle and the right ventricle?

A

LEFT:
- a thicker wall
-It needs more muscle because it has the pump blood around the whole body at high-pressure

RIGHT:
- thinner walls
- It only has the pump blood to the lungs

33
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevents the backflow of blood in the heart

34
Q

How to calculate how much blood is pumped every minute

A

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

35
Q

Respiration

A

A process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose)
Because energy is transferred to the environment respiration is an exothermic reaction. Some of this energy is transferred by heat.

36
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

37
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  1. Aerobic respiration is what happens when there’s plenty of oxygen available.
  2. It is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose.
  3. It occurs in plants and animals.
38
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ————> carbon dioxide + water

39
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals

A
  1. Does not use any oxygen
  2. When you do vigourous exercise, your body count supply enough oxygen to your muscles for aerobic respiration, even though your heart rate and breathing rate increases as much as I can. Your muscles have to start respiring anaerobically.
  3. It transfers less energy, so it is less efficient.
  4. Glucose is only partially broken down and lactic acid is also produced
40
Q

What causes cramps

A
  1. Anaerobic respiration.
  2. The lactic acid buildup in the muscles, so he gets paid for and leads to cramps.
41
Q

What is the equation of anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Glucose —————-> lactic acid

42
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants

A
  1. Plants respire without oxygen to, but they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid.
43
Q

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose ———-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

biology Gcse (9 decks)

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