Section 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

1
Q

Why do enzymes break down molecules

A

Many molecules of the food are too big to be passed through the walls of the digestive system. This means the digestive enzymes have to break them down into more soluble and smaller molecules. These then can pass easily through the walls of the digestive system and to be absorbed into the bloodstream. They can pass into cells and be used by the body.

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2
Q

Function of enzymes

A
  • they have special shapes so they can ๐˜พ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™–๐™ก๐™ฎ๐™จ๐™š ๐™ง๐™š๐™–๐™˜๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™จ.
  • ๐˜ฝ๐™ง๐™š๐™–๐™ ๐™จ ๐™™๐™ค๐™ฌ๐™ฃ big molecules
  • some enzymes can ๐™…๐™ค๐™ž๐™ฃ ๐™ข๐™ค๐™ก๐™š๐™˜๐™ช๐™ก๐™š๐™จ ๐™ฉ๐™ค๐™œ๐™š๐™ฉ๐™๐™š๐™ง.
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3
Q

How do enzymes help plants?

A

Plants store energy in the form of starch- carbohydrates. When the plant needs energy, the enzymes break down the starch into smaller molecules- sugars. This can then be respired to transfer energy to be used by the cells

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4
Q

______ converts carbohydrates into ________

A
  1. Carbohydrases
  2. Simple sugars
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5
Q

What converts proteins into amino acids?

A

Proteases

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6
Q

________ converts lipids into _________

A
  1. Lipases
  2. Glycerol and fatty acids
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7
Q

What happens when lipids are broken down

A

The fatty acids will lower the pH of the solution they are in

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8
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats and oils

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9
Q

Why are proteins, lipids and carbohydrates important to be broken down

A

They can be used for growth and other life processes

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10
Q

How can carbohydrates be synthesised

A

Joining simple sugars together

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11
Q

Glycogen synthase

A

An enzyme that joins together lots of chains of glucose molecules to make glycogen which is a molecule used to store energy in animals

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12
Q

How are proteins synthesised

A

Joining amino acids together and enzymes catalyse the reactions for this

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration down the concentration gradient

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

If something moves from an area of a ๐™ƒ๐™ž๐™œ๐™ ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ to a ๐™‡๐™ค๐™ฌ ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ, it is said that it moves ๐˜ฟ๐™ค๐™ฌ๐™ฃ the ๐˜พ๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™œ๐™ง๐™–๐™™๐™ž๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ if itโ€™s from an area of ๐™‡๐™ค๐™ฌ to ๐™ƒ๐™ž๐™œ๐™, it is moving ๐™๐™ฅ the ๐˜พ๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™œ๐™ง๐™–๐™™๐™ž๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ

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15
Q

Where does diffusion occur๏ฟผ

A

It only happens in ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฆ๐™ช๐™ž๐™™๐™จ and ๐™œ๐™–๐™จ๐™š๐™จ. This is because the ๐™ฅ๐™–๐™ง๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™˜๐™ก๐™š๐™จ in these substances are able to ๐™ข๐™ค๐™ซ๐™š ๐™›๐™ง๐™š๐™š๐™ก๐™ฎ ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™๐™ค๐™ข๐™ก๐™ฎ

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules from an area of ๐™๐™ž๐™œ๐™ ๐™ฌ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ง ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ to a ๐™ก๐™ค๐™ฌ ๐™ฌ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ง ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ through a ๐™จ๐™š๐™ข๐™ž ๐™ฅ๐™š๐™ง๐™ข๐™š๐™–๐™—๐™ก๐™š ๐™ข๐™š๐™ข๐™—๐™ง๐™–๐™ฃ๐™š. Going ๐™™๐™ค๐™ฌ๐™ฃ the ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™œ๐™ง๐™–๐™™๐™ž๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ.

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17
Q

What is a semi permeable (also known as partially permeable) membrane?

A

A membrane with very ๐™จ๐™ข๐™–๐™ก๐™ก ๐™๐™ค๐™ก๐™š๐™จ in it. This is so only ๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ฎ ๐™ข๐™ค๐™ก๐™š๐™˜๐™ช๐™ก๐™š๐™จ like water can go through it and bigger molecules canโ€™t.

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18
Q

Which way does the water molecules travel through the membrane in osmosis

A

The water molecules usually travel both ways as the water molecules move about randomly all the time. However, because there are more water molecules on one side theres a steady net flow of water into the region with fewer water molecules

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19
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of particles across a membrane from a ๐™ก๐™ค๐™ฌ๐™š๐™ง ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ to a ๐™๐™ž๐™œ๐™ ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™ช๐™จ๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™œ ๐™š๐™ฃ๐™š๐™ง๐™œ๐™ฎ. This means it is a ๐™ฅ๐™–๐™จ๐™จ๐™ž๐™ซ๐™š process as it uses energy ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฃ๐™จ๐™›๐™š๐™ง๐™ง๐™š๐™™ ๐™™๐™ช๐™ง๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™œ ๐™ง๐™š๐™จ๐™ฅ๐™ž๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ.

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20
Q

How is active transport used in the digestive system

A

When thereโ€™s a high concentration of nutrients in the gut than the blood. The nutrients diffuse naturally into the blood. However, sometimes there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than in the blood. Active transport allows nutrients to be taken into the blood even though the concentration gradient is the wrong way. This helps us stop starving

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21
Q

What is the aim of investigating osmosis

A

You have to put ๐™ฅ๐™ค๐™ฉ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ค ๐™˜๐™ฎ๐™ก๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™™๐™š๐™ง๐™จ into different concentrations of ๐™จ๐™ช๐™˜๐™ง๐™ค๐™จ๐™š ๐™จ๐™ค๐™ก๐™ช๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™จ in order to see what ๐™š๐™›๐™›๐™š๐™˜๐™ฉ different ๐™ฌ๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ง ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™จ have on them

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22
Q

Steps of the osmosis practical

A
  1. Prepare sucrose solutions of different concentrations from pure water to very concentrated
  2. Cut a potato into 1c, in diameter from the same potato
  3. Divide the cylinders into groups of 3 and use a mass balance to measure the mass of each group
  4. Place one group in each solution and leave for at least 40 mins
  5. Remove the cylinders and pat dry so it moves excess water from the surface and you will get an accurate measurement
  6. Weigh each group again and record the result.
  7. The sucrose solution is the only thing you will change in the experiment. The size of the potato must be kept the same or the results will be invalid
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23
Q

How do you find the result of the osmosis investigation

A

Calculate the Percentage change in mass for each cylinder before and after.

New - original/ original x 100

You then plot a graph and analyse your result.
When the curve crosses the x-axis, that means the fluid inside the cylinders and the sucrose solution have the same water solution (isotonic)
the points below the x-axis, the water concentrating of the sucrose is lower than Iโ€™m the cylinders. This causes the sun lingers to lose water so the mass decreases

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24
Q

The _______ the concentration of the sucrose solution, the __________ the ________________

A
  1. Higher
  2. Lower
  3. Water concentration
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25
Q

Mitosis

A

A 1 ๐™จ๐™ฉ๐™–๐™œ๐™š process for ๐™–๐™จ๐™š๐™ญ๐™ช๐™–๐™ก reproduction in order to make 2 ๐™œ๐™š๐™ฃ๐™š๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–๐™ก๐™ก๐™ฎ ๐™ž๐™™๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™˜๐™–l ๐™™๐™ž๐™ฅ๐™ก๐™ค๐™ž๐™™ ๐™™๐™–๐™ช๐™œ๐™๐™ฉ๐™š๐™ง cells.

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26
Q

Stages of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase: the DNA duplicates and is copied and formed into X-shaped chromosomes.
  2. Prophase: The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes are free in the cytoplasm
  3. Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.
  4. Anaphase: The spindle fibres pull apart the chromosomes into the opposite side of the cells
  5. Telophase: membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes which becomes the nucleus of the 2 cells and the nucleus has divided
  6. Cytokinesis: the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide and form two genetically identical separate daughter cells.
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27
Q

How do you calculate the number of cells theyโ€™ll be after multiple divisions.

A

Number of cells : 2^n. โ€˜nโ€™ is the number of cell divisions

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28
Q

Growth

A

Growth involves:
-cell division
-differentiation
-elongation
It is an increase in size of mass, and plants and animals need to grow and develop due to:
- cell differentiation
- Cell division

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29
Q

Cell differentiation

A

A process where a cell changes to become specialised for its job. This makes specialised cells which allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently

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30
Q

Cell division

A

When cells are divided to new cells which contain the same genetic information

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31
Q

Cell Elongation

A

Plants grow by cell elongation. This is where a plant expands which makes the cell bigger and making the plant grow

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32
Q

Growth in animals

A

All growth in animals are by ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก ๐™™๐™ž๐™ซ๐™ž๐™จ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ. They usually grow while. Theyโ€™re young and then reach full growth then stop growing. Cells divide at a ๐™›๐™–๐™จ๐™ฉ ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฉ๐™š however once youโ€™re an ๐™–๐™™๐™ช๐™ก๐™ฉ, ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก๐™จ ๐™™๐™ž๐™ซ๐™ž๐™™๐™š to ๐™ง๐™š๐™ฅ๐™ก๐™–๐™˜๐™š ๐™™๐™–๐™ข๐™–๐™œ๐™š๐™™ ๐™ค๐™ง ๐™ค๐™ก๐™™ ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก๐™จ meaning ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก ๐™™๐™ž๐™›๐™›๐™š๐™ง๐™š๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™–๐™ฉ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ ๐™ž๐™จ ๐™ก๐™ค๐™จ๐™ฉ ๐™–๐™ฉ ๐™–๐™ฃ ๐™š๐™–๐™ง๐™ก๐™ฎ ๐™–๐™œ๐™š

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33
Q

Growth in plants

A

Growth in height is usually due to cell elongation and the cell division usually just happens in the tips of the roots.
Plants usually grow continuously so plants continue to differentiate to develop new parts- leaves and routes

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34
Q

What is cancer

A

When there is a ๐™˜๐™๐™–๐™ฃ๐™œ๐™š ๐™ž๐™ฃ ๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™š ๐™ค๐™› ๐™ฉ๐™๐™š ๐™œ๐™š๐™ฃ๐™š๐™จ ๐™ฌ๐™๐™ž๐™˜๐™ ๐™˜๐™ค๐™ฃ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™ค๐™ก๐™จ ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก ๐™™๐™ž๐™ซ๐™ž๐™จ๐™ž๐™ค๐™ฃ, this causes the ๐™˜๐™š๐™ก๐™ก๐™จ ๐™ฉ๐™ค ๐™™๐™ž๐™ซ๐™ž๐™™๐™š ๐™ง๐™–๐™ฅ๐™ž๐™™๐™ก๐™ฎ causing a mass of abnormal cells making a ๐™ฉ๐™ช๐™ข๐™ค๐™ง. If the tumor ๐™ž๐™ฃ๐™ซ๐™–๐™™๐™š๐™จ ๐™–๐™ฃ๐™™ ๐™™๐™š๐™จ๐™ฉ๐™ง๐™ค๐™ฎ๐™จ the tissue surrounding it, it will be called ๐™˜๐™–๐™ฃ๐™˜๐™š๐™ง.

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35
Q

Growth charts

A

Used to asses a childโ€™s growth over time. This is in order for an overall pattern in development would be see. And any problems would be highlighted. This will be plotted into growth charts:
-length
-mass
-head circumference

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36
Q

Stem cells

A

They can differentiate into any different types of cells. They are also called undifferentiated cells and depending on the instructions theyโ€™re given, stem cells can divide by mitosis to become new cells which then can differentiate

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37
Q

Where are stem cells found in

A

Early human embryos

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38
Q

Embryonic cells

A

Embryonic stem cells have the potential to divide and produce any kind of cell at all. If they are removed from the embryo, they will differentiate into any cell type

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39
Q

Osmosis in animal cells

A
  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic
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40
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • High concentration of solutes and a low concentration of free water. So water will move out of the solute into the free water because of osmosis, causing the red blood cell to crenelate (shrivel up)
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41
Q

Isotonic solution

A
  • Has an equal concentration of solutes to the solution inside a cell
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42
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • A hypotonic has a low concentration of solutes and a high concentration of free water, water will move into the solute because of osmosis causing the cell to burst
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43
Q

Osmosis in plant cells

A
  • Plasmolyzed
  • Flaccid
  • Turgid
44
Q

Plasmolyzed

A

Plant cells become Plasmolyzed when free water moves out of the cell down the concentration gradient into the surround hypertonic solution that has a lower free water concentration, causing the plant cell to crenelate

45
Q

Flaccid

A

Has an equal concentration of solutes to the solution inside the cell

46
Q

Turgid

A

When free water moves into the cell, down the concentration gradient because the surrounding hypotonic solution has higher concentration of free water than inside the cell causing the cell to burst

47
Q

Diffusion in plant cells

A

Simple covalent molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of the cells.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into plant leaves through the stomata, down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to low concentration because carbon dioxide is being used in the palisade mesophyll cells

48
Q

Diffusion in animal cells

A

Simple covalent molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into and out of the cells. Oxygen diffuses into an Amoeba down the concentration gradient from an area of High concentration to an area of low concentration as oxygen is used in respiration so that energy can be released into the cell

49
Q

Active transport In plants

A

Minerals are absorbed into the root hair cell by active transport. They move from an area of low concentration to an area of Hugh concentration in the vacuole of the root hair cell passing through the cell membrane using energy and a carrier protein

50
Q

Active transport in animals

A

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine into the capillaries via ciliated epithelial cells. The glucose moves from an area of low concentration to high concentration in the epithelial cell passing through the cell membrane via a carrier protein using energy

51
Q

Adult stem cells

A
  • Ohio found in certain places like Bone marrow. They can only differentiate into limited stem cells - blood cells
  • in animals, adult stem cells are used to replace damaged cells - new skin or blood cells
52
Q

Meristems

A
  • plants grow through meristems, only way the cells in a plant grow.
  • in plants, only cells that divide by mitosis are found in plant tissues called meristems
  • meristem tissues is found in the areas of a plant that are growing- tips of the root and shoots.
  • produce unspecialised that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant, they act like embryonic cells, but these cells can divide and differentiate to generate any type of cell for as long as the plant lobes.
  • unspecialised cells go on to form specialised tissues like xylem and phloem
53
Q

How can stem cells be used in medicine

A
  1. Doctors use stem cells to cure some diseases
  2. Extracting stem cells from very early human embryos and growing them. Under certain conditions the stem cells can be stimulated to differentiate into specialised cells
  3. Use stem cells to create specialised cells to replace those which have been damaged by disease or injury.
54
Q

How is sickle cell anaemia cured

A

Bone marrow transplant containing stem cells which produce new blood cells

55
Q

Tumour development

A

Stem cells divide very quickly, scientists are unable to control the rate at which the transplanted cells divide inside a patient, a tumour may develop

56
Q

Disease transmission

A
  • viruses live inside cells.
  • if donor stem cells are infected with a virus and this isnโ€™t picked, the virus could be passed on to the recipient making them sicker
57
Q

How does your body react to a stimulus

A
  1. A receptor detects a stimulus which is a change in an environment,
  2. When the receptor detects a stimulus, the information is converted to a nervous electrical impulse and sent along the sensory neutrons to the CNS.
  3. The CNS coordinates the response and decided on what to do with the stimulus
  4. The stimulus then travels through the CNS and along the relay neurone.
  5. The CNS sends information to an effector (gland or muscle) along the motor neurone
  6. An effector then responds accordingly- muscle contracts or gland releases hormones
  7. Your reaction time is the time it takes for you to respond to a stimulus
58
Q

What is your nervous system made up of

A

Neurones (nerve cells( which go to all parts of the body)

59
Q

Receptors

A

Your body contains a lot of sensory neurones, which are group of cells that can detect a change in the environment

60
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment

61
Q

Sensory neurone

A

Carries impulses from the receptor cell towards the CNS

62
Q

Response

A

The action that occurs due to a stimulus

63
Q

What is the CNS

A

Contains brain and the spinal cord
Controls the nervous system

64
Q

What are the extensions that the cell body of neurones connect to

A

dendrites and dendrons
- they carry nerve impulses towards the cell body.
Axons
- carry the nerve impulse away from the cell body

65
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Some axons are covered in myelin sheaths which acts as an electrical insulator by speeding up the electrical impulse

66
Q

Long neurones

A

Some neurones can be very long
- speeds up the impulse so one long neurone is much quicker than lots of short neurones joined together

67
Q

Short neurones

A

Short neurones slow down the impulse as connecting with another neurone slows it down, one long neurones are better than lots of short neurones joined together

68
Q

Structure of sensory neurone

A
  • one long dendron, carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body.
  • the cell body is located in the middle of the neurone
  • short axon which carries nerve impulses from the cell body to CNS
69
Q

Motor neurone structure

A
  • many short dendrites that carry nerve impulses from cell body to CNS
  • one long axon which is surrounded by myelin sheaths which support the impulse by moving fast and not going out of the axon. Axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal
  • Axon terminal carries the nerve impulses brought from the axon from the cell body to the effector cells.
    The direction of impulse is from left to right
70
Q

Structure of the relay motor neurone

A
  • many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurone to the cell body
  • an axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones
71
Q

Function of sensory neurone

A

Carries the nerve impulses towards the CNS

72
Q

Function of motor neurones

A

Carries the nerve impulses away from the CNS

73
Q

Function of relay neurone

A

Carries nervous impulse within the CNS to a muscle or gland (effectors)

74
Q

Synapses

A

It is the connection of 2 neurones - connects neurones
- the nerve signals are transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap
- the neurotransmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.
- the transmission of the nervous impulse is very fast but it slows down as the diffusion of the neurotransmitters across the gap takes time

75
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transfer nerve signals across the gap. They set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

76
Q

How fast is the transmission of the nervous impulse

A

It is very fast however slows down at the synapse as the diffusion of the neurotransmitters across the gap takes time

77
Q

Reflexes

A

Automatic, rapid responses to a stimulus which reduces the chance of being injured

78
Q

Reflex arc

A

A passage of information in a reflex from the receptor to the effector.

79
Q

What do the neurones in the reflex arcs do

A
  • The neurones in the reflex arcs go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain.
    1. When a stimulus is detected by the receptors, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone to the CNS.
    2. When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone, they trigger neurotransmitters to be released. These causes impulses to diffuse across the synapse and to be sent along the relay neurone
    3. When the impulses reach a synapse between the relay and motor neurone, the neurotransmitters are triggered to be released, causing the impulses the travel along the motor neurone.
    4. The impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector- muscle or gland
    5. The muscle contracts or the gland secretes hormones
    6. As you donโ€™t have time to think about the response, it is quicker than the normal response
80
Q

How do reflexes protect the eye

A
  1. Light receptors in the eye detect bright light and sends messages along the sensory neurone to the brain.
  2. The message then travels along the relay neurone to the motor neurone which tells the circular muscles in the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller.
81
Q

Uses of mitosis in organisms

A
  • reproduce
  • grow and replace cells
  • asexual reproduction
  • development of embryos
82
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of stem cells in medicine

A

ADVANTAGES:
- treats a wide variety of diseases
- organs developed from a patients own stem cells reduce the risk of organ rejection and waiting for an organ donation
- adult stem cells are used successfully in a variety of treatments

DISADVANTAGES:
- rejection
- stem cells can become infected with a virus and could be transmitted to the patient
- risk of stem cells getting mutations leading them to develop cancer cells
- low numbers of stem cells donor

83
Q

Why are reflexes quicker than normal response

A

You donโ€™t have to spend time to think about the response making it quicker than the normal response

84
Q

How many types of tumours exist

A

2:
1. Malignant tumours
2. Benign tumours

85
Q

Malignant tumours

A

Can invade neighbouring tissues and spread throughout the body in the blood leading to the creation of more secondary tumours

86
Q

Benign tumours

A

Stay in a specific part of the body often within a membrane

87
Q

Why is it important that the daughter cells have the same chromosomes as each other

A

So it can be used for growth and repair of tissues.
Asexual reproduction

88
Q

What is growth

A

An increase in size of number of cells by mitosis

89
Q

Which zone is nearest to the tip of the root

A

Zone of cell division

90
Q

Which zone is where the new cells grow in size

A

Zone of elongation

91
Q

Which zone is where the new cells differentiate and become specialised into different types of cells

A

Zone of differentiation

92
Q

What is cancer

A

A group of diseases where changes in cells lead to uncontrolled growth and division of cells

93
Q

Where does cell differentiation primarily happen

A
  • human embryos
  • in plants throughout their lives
94
Q

Where are stem cells found in

A
  • bone marrow
  • plant meristems
  • human embryos
95
Q

What are stem cells

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that havenโ€™t yet specialised to do a specific function. They can create more stem cells or differentiate (become a different type of body cell) to perform another function.

96
Q

How could stem cells be used to help diabetes or paralysis

A

Stem cells can be used to replace damaged cells that cause diabetes or paralysis

97
Q

Uses for stem cells

A
  1. Stem cell treatments
  2. Therapeutic cloning
98
Q

Describe the stage of the cell cycle that takes place before mitosis

A

Interphase occurs before mitosis. This is where extra sub cellular structures are produced.
Chromosomes are replicated so there are 2 sets in the cell

99
Q

Describe what happens during mitosis

A
  1. 2 sets of chromosomes are separated by being pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
    2, the nucleus divides into 2.
  2. The cytoplasm and the cell membranes divide this is called cytokinesis
  3. This then makes 2 genetically identical daughter cells
100
Q

Which processes involve the production of identical daughter cells

A
  1. Asexual reproduction
  2. Repair
  3. Growth
101
Q

How can yeast produce alcohol and carbon dioxide

A

Yeast can respire anaerobically which is known as fermentation

102
Q

What does the myelin sheath do

A

It acts as an electrical insulator speeding up the electrical impulse

103
Q

What do effectors do

A

Bring about actions in response to a change in the internal or external environment

104
Q

How does the CNS respond to a stimuli

A

Via reflex arc

105
Q

What initiates signalling processes within the body

A

Receptors

106
Q

Rejection

A

If the transplanted cells arenโ€™t grown using the patients own stem cells, the patients body may recognise the cell as foreign and trigger the immune response to try to get rid of them. The patient can take drugs to suppress this response, but this makes them susceptible to disease

107
Q

Potential risks of stem cells used in;medicine

A

Tumour development
Disease transmission
Rejectiin