Section 5- Health, Disease, And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards

Question

B-lymphocytes

Answer 1

Type of white blood cell that are involved in the specific immune response to a specific pathogen

Answer 2

1. Every pathogen has unique molecules, for example, proteins on its surface called ANTIGENS 2. when your B-lymphocytes come across an antigen on a pathogen they start to produce proteins called antibodies. 3. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced a specific to the pathogen, so they won’t bind onto other pathogens. 4. The antibodies are then produce rapidly flowing around the body to find or similar pathogens.

Answer 3

Gives immunity to later infections

Answer 4

There aren’t that many B-lymphocytes that can make the antibody needed to lock onto the antigen

Answer 5

1. The body will produce enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection. Meanwhile, the infected person will show symptoms of the disease. 2. As well as antibodies memory lymphocytes are also produced in response to a foreign antigen. Memory lymphocytes remain in the body for a long-term, and remember a specific antigen. 3. The person is now immune as their immune system has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection. 4. If the same pathogen enters the body again, there are more cells that will recognise it and produce antibodies against it. This secondary immune response is faster and stronger. 5. The secondary response often get rid of the president before you begin to show any symptoms.

Answer 6

It can stop you from getting infections

Answer 7

1. Are usually involves injecting dead, or an inactive pathogen into the body. These are antigenic, which means they carry antigens so even though they’re harmless, your body makes antibodies to help destroy them. 2. The antigens also triggered a memory lymphocytes to be made. 3. So if live pathogens of the same type, get into the body, they will already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast, secondary immune response, meaning you’re less likely to get a disease.

Answer 8

Bacterial infections

Answer 9

1. They work by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells, but not in the host organism. For example, some antibiotics inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls. This prevents the bacteria from dividing and eventually kills them, but has no effect on the cells in the human host. 2. Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria so it’s important to be treated with the right one.

Answer 10

viruses reproduce using your body cells, which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the viruses without killing the body’s cells

Answer 11

1. Preclinical testing 2. Clinical testing

Answer 12

PRECLINCAL TESTING 1. Drugs at first, tested on human cells and tissues in the lab, however, you can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect whole or multiple body systems. For example, a drug for blood pressure must be tested on a whole animal. 2. The next step is to test a drug on live animals. This is to test that the drug works and produces the effects you’re looking for, to find out how toxic and harmful it is, and to find the best dosage

Answer 13

CLINICAL TESTING 1. If the drug passes the test on animals that it is tested on human volunteers in the clinical trial. 2. First, drugs, tested on healthy, volunteers, to make sure that it doesn’t have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally. 3. If the results of the tests on healthy volunteers are good drugs can be tested on people suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found - this is the dose of the truck that is the most effective and has the fewest side effects 4. Patients are randomly put into two groups. One is given the new drug, the other is given a placebo. This is to allow for the placebo effect. 5. Clinical trials are blind - the patients in the study doesn’t know whether they’re getting the drug or the placebo. 6. Double blind trials were neither the patient all the doctor knows until all the results have been gathered. This is so the doctors monitoring the patience and analysing the results aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge 7. When a drug has finally passed all of these tests, it still needs to be approved by the medical agency before it can be used to treat patients. All of this means that drugs are effective and safe as possible.

Answer 14

-Things that are linked to the increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime. They don’t guarantee that someone will get the disease. - risk factors can be unavoidable, a persons age or gender may make them more likely to get a disease, but some are lifestyle factors that people can change

Answer 15

- smoking: major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease - diet -not enough exercise - drinking too much alcohol

Answer 16

1. Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate which increases blood pressure 2. High blood pressure damages artery walls which contributes to the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits restrict blood flow, increases the risk of heart rate or stroke 3. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots, forming an arteries which can restrict or block bloodflow, leading to a heart attack or stroke.

Answer 17

A diet with too many or too few nutrients can lead to malnutrition

Answer 18

Not enough exercise and having a diet high in fat and sugar are risk factors to obesity

Answer 19

Major risk factor for the development of liver disease. This is because alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic. Drinking too much over a long period of time can cause permanent liver damage

Answer 20

Scarring of the liver