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biology Gcse > Section 5- Health, Disease, And The Development Of Medicines > Flashcards

Section 5- Health, Disease, And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

How is health defined

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Communicable disease

A

Diseases that can be spread between individuals

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3
Q

What is a disease

A

A condition where part of an organism doesn’t function properly

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4
Q

Non communicable disease

A

Diseases that can’t be transmitted between individuals:
- cancer
- heart disease

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5
Q

Susceptible

A

If you are affected by one disease, it could make you more susceptible to others, your body may become weakened by the disease so it’s less able to fight others, it means you also have an increases chance in getting it

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6
Q

What is communicable disease caused by

A

Pathogens- pathogens are organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists that cause communicable diseases.

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7
Q

Example of communicable diseases

A
  • cholera
  • tuberculosis
  • malaria
  • chalara ash dieback
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8
Q

Cholera

A

PATHOGEN: bacterium called VIBRIO CHOLERAE
SYMPTOMS: diarrhoea
HOW IT SPREADS: via contaminated water sources
HOW TO REDUCE/PREVENT TRANSMISSION: making sure that people have access to clean water

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9
Q

Tuberculosis

A

PATHOGEN: bacterium
SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS: coughing and lung damage
HOW IT SPREADS: through the air when infected individuals cough
HOW TO REDUCE/PREVENT TRANSMISSION: infected people should avoid crowded public spaces, practice good hygiene and sleep alone, their homes should be well ventilated

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10
Q

Malaria

A

PATHOGEN: protist
SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS: damage to red blood cells and in severe cases the liver
HOW IT SPREADS: mosquitoes act as an animal vector (carriers), they pass on the protists to humans but don’t get the disease themselves
HOW TO REDUCE/PREVENT TRANSMISSION: use of mosquito nets and insect repellent to prevent mosquitoes from carrying the pathogen from biting people

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11
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

PATHOGEN: a fungus that infects ash trees
SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS: leaf loss and bark lesions
HOW IT SPREADS: carried through the air by the wind. It is also spread when diseases ash trees are moved between areas
HOW TO REDUCE/PREVENT TRANSMISSION: removing young, infected ash trees and replanting with different species. Restricting the import or movement of ash trees

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12
Q

What are STIs

A
  • infections that are spread through sexual contact, including sexual intercourse
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13
Q

What is HIV

A
  • sexually transmitted virus
  • viruses aren’t cells. They are a protein coat around a strand of genetic material.
  • This means they have to infect living cells known as host cells in order to reproduce.
  • Specific types of viruses only infect specific cells
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14
Q

What does HIV do

A
  • It infects and kills white blood cells, which are really important in the immune response. The bodies response to pathogens
  • HIV infection, eventually leads to AIDS
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15
Q

What are AIDS

A

This is when the infected persons, immune system, deteriorates, and eventually fails, because of this person becomes very vulnerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens

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16
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Via infected bodily fluids.

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17
Q

Bodily fluids

A

blood, semen and vaginal fluids

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18
Q

Main ways to prevent HIV

A
  • Use a condom when having sex
  • drug users should avoid sharing needles
  • medication can reduce the risk of an infected individual, passing the virus on to others during sex , or a mother passing the virus to her baby during pregnancy
  • screening
19
Q

What is chlamydia

A

A sexually transmitted BACTERIAL infection which can only be reproduced inside host cells

20
Q

What does chlamydia cause

A

It doesn’t have symptoms so it can result in infertility.

21
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of chlamydia

A
  • wearing a condom during sex
  • screening individuals so they can be treated for the infection
  • avoid sexual contact
22
Q

How is chlamydia spread

A

Not only by sexual intercourse but also genital contact

23
Q

Physical barriers

A
  1. The skin- acts as a barrier to pathogens, if it gets damaged, blood clothes quickly seal curs and keep microorganisms out
  2. Hairs and mucus- in the nose which trap particles that could contain pathogens
  3. Cells in trachea and bronchi- produces mucus which traps pathogens
  4. Ciliated cells in trachea and bronchi- the mucus which is produced that traps pathogens are able to be moved by the cilia’s hair like structures back to the throat where it can be swallowes
24
Q

Chemical barriers

A
  • Hydrochloric acids- the stomach produces hydrochloric acids which kills most pathogens that are swallowed
  • lysozyme- produced by the eyes in tears which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye
25
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Type of white blood cell that are involved in the specific immune response to a specific pathogen

26
Q

How do B-lymphocytes work

A
  1. Every pathogen has unique molecules, for example, proteins on its surface called ANTIGENS
  2. when your B-lymphocytes come across an antigen on a pathogen they start to produce proteins called antibodies.
  3. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced a specific to the pathogen, so they won’t bind onto other pathogens.
  4. The antibodies are then produce rapidly flowing around the body to find or similar pathogens.
27
Q

Memory lymphocytes

A

Gives immunity to later infections

28
Q

Why is it when a pathogen enters the body for the first time, the response is slow

A

There aren’t that many B-lymphocytes that can make the antibody needed to lock onto the antigen

29
Q

How do memory lymphocytes work

A
  1. The body will produce enough of the right antibody to overcome the infection. Meanwhile, the infected person will show symptoms of the disease.
  2. As well as antibodies memory lymphocytes are also produced in response to a foreign antigen. Memory lymphocytes remain in the body for a long-term, and remember a specific antigen.
  3. The person is now immune as their immune system has the ability to respond quickly to a second infection.
  4. If the same pathogen enters the body again, there are more cells that will recognise it and produce antibodies against it. This secondary immune response is faster and stronger.
  5. The secondary response often get rid of the president before you begin to show any symptoms.
30
Q

How does immunisation help

A

It can stop you from getting infections

31
Q

How does immunisation work

A
  1. Are usually involves injecting dead, or an inactive pathogen into the body. These are antigenic, which means they carry antigens so even though they’re harmless, your body makes antibodies to help destroy them.
  2. The antigens also triggered a memory lymphocytes to be made.
  3. So if live pathogens of the same type, get into the body, they will already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast, secondary immune response, meaning you’re less likely to get a disease.
32
Q

What are antibiotics used to treat

A

Bacterial infections

33
Q

How do antibiotic work

A
  1. They work by inhibiting processes in bacterial cells, but not in the host organism. For example, some antibiotics inhibit the building of bacterial cell walls. This prevents the bacteria from dividing and eventually kills them, but has no effect on the cells in the human host.
  2. Different antibiotics kill different types of bacteria so it’s important to be treated with the right one.
34
Q

Why don’t antibiotics work on viruses (cold and flu)

A

viruses reproduce using your body cells, which makes it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the viruses without killing the body’s cells

35
Q

Stages in the development of new drugs

A
  1. Preclinical testing
  2. Clinical testing
36
Q

What happens in the first stage in the development of new drugs

A

PRECLINCAL TESTING
1. Drugs at first, tested on human cells and tissues in the lab, however, you can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect whole or multiple body systems. For example, a drug for blood pressure must be tested on a whole animal.
2. The next step is to test a drug on live animals. This is to test that the drug works and produces the effects you’re looking for, to find out how toxic and harmful it is, and to find the best dosage

37
Q

What happens in the second stage in the development of new drugs

A

CLINICAL TESTING
1. If the drug passes the test on animals that it is tested on human volunteers in the clinical trial.
2. First, drugs, tested on healthy, volunteers, to make sure that it doesn’t have any harmful side effects when the body is working normally.
3. If the results of the tests on healthy volunteers are good drugs can be tested on people suffering from the illness. The optimum dose is found - this is the dose of the truck that is the most effective and has the fewest side effects
4. Patients are randomly put into two groups. One is given the new drug, the other is given a placebo. This is to allow for the placebo effect.
5. Clinical trials are blind - the patients in the study doesn’t know whether they’re getting the drug or the placebo.
6. Double blind trials were neither the patient all the doctor knows until all the results have been gathered. This is so the doctors monitoring the patience and analysing the results aren’t subconsciously influenced by their knowledge
7. When a drug has finally passed all of these tests, it still needs to be approved by the medical agency before it can be used to treat patients. All of this means that drugs are effective and safe as possible.

38
Q

Risk factors

A

-Things that are linked to the increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime. They don’t guarantee that someone will get the disease.
- risk factors can be unavoidable, a persons age or gender may make them more likely to get a disease, but some are lifestyle factors that people can change

39
Q

Lifestyle factors that affect your risk of disease

A
  • smoking: major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease
  • diet
    -not enough exercise
  • drinking too much alcohol
40
Q

Why is smoking a major risk factor

A
  1. Nicotine in cigarette smoke increases heart rate which increases blood pressure
  2. High blood pressure damages artery walls which contributes to the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. These deposits restrict blood flow, increases the risk of heart rate or stroke
  3. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots, forming an arteries which can restrict or block bloodflow, leading to a heart attack or stroke.
41
Q

How does diet increase the risk of disease

A

A diet with too many or too few nutrients can lead to malnutrition

42
Q

How does not enough exercise increase the risk of disease

A

Not enough exercise and having a diet high in fat and sugar are risk factors to obesity

43
Q

How does drinking too much alcohol increase the risk of disease

A

Major risk factor for the development of liver disease. This is because alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic. Drinking too much over a long period of time can cause permanent liver damage

44
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring of the liver

biology Gcse (9 decks)

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