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History Section 1 > Section 6: End of Cold War > Flashcards

Section 6: End of Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the word détente mean?

A

Easing of tensions

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2
Q

Why did détente start?

A

Fear nuclear war was raised after Cuban missile crises, arms race costing too much money, USA & USSR needed to focus on solving problems in their own countries

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3
Q

What did the 1967 Outer Space Treat stop?

A

No nuclear weapons placed in space

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4
Q

When was Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty signed?

A

1968

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5
Q

What was Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty?

A

Neither superpower would supply nuclear weapons to other states or help other states develop their own weapons

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6
Q

What was agreed in 1972?

A

Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty (SALT I)

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7
Q

What was agreed as a result of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty?

A

No further production of Strategic ballistic missiles (short range), submarines carrying nuclear weapons would only be introduced when existing stocks of ICBM’s became obsolete

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8
Q

What mission took place in 1975?

A

Apollo-Soyuz mission: when an Apollo Space craft and Soyuz spacecraft docked high above the earth

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9
Q

When were the Helsinki Agreements signed?

A

1975

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10
Q

How many countries signed it?

A

33

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11
Q

What was agreed about security at Helsinki?

A

All counties borders accepted (meant for first time East and West Germany recognised as countries by USA and USSR)

All disputes settled peacefully using the UN not force

Countries would inform each other about big military manoeuvres and would accept representatives from other countries to watch

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12
Q

How did countries agree to increase co-operation at Helsinki?

A

Economic –USA would buy oil from USSR and USSR would buy wheat from USA
Industrial-setting same standards and running joint industrial projects
Scientific – sharing information and research
Educational-learning each other’s languages and student exchanges

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13
Q

What was agreed at Helsinki concerning Human Rights?

A

Freedom speech, movement, religion and information

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14
Q

Which country did not stick to the Helsinki agreements?

A

USSR

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15
Q

Where was there a communist revolution in April 1978?

A

Kabul, Afghanistan

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16
Q

Who was the new leader in Afghanistan?

A

Mohamed Taraki

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17
Q

Who did Taraki from an alliance with?

A

USSR

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18
Q

Why did USSR agree to the alliance with Taraki?

A

Help extend influence into oil rich Middle East

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19
Q

Who opposed the new communist regime from within Afghanistan?

A

Religious fundamentalists

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20
Q

What did the opposition from the religious fundamentalists lead to in 1979?

A

Civil war

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21
Q

What were the religious fighters called?

A

Mujahedeen

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22
Q

What happened in October 1979?

A

President Taraki was assassinated by communist rivals and replaced by Hafizullah Amin

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23
Q

What happened in December 1979?

A

SU invaded Afghanistan to help Afghan communists

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24
Q

Why did the SU invade Afghanistan?

A

Did not trust Amin as they thought he had links to USA
Feared if Afghanistan became an Islamic country it would lead to nearby countries in the SU doing the same
USA would not do anything if they did invade

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25
Q

How long did the Soviet Union stay in Afghanistan

A

10 years

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26
Q

How many Soviet soldiers were killed in the Afghan war?

A

15,000

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27
Q

Who was the President of the USA when the SU invaded Afghanistan?

A

Jimmy Carter

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28
Q

What did the Carter Doctrine say?

A

USA would not allow SU to gain control of the oil rich Middle East and did not rule out use of nuclear weapons

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29
Q

What steps did USA take to get the SU out of Afghanistan?

A

CIA gave weapons and money to the Mujahedeen
Imposed sanctions on the SU and virtually stopped all trade
Ended diplomatic relations
Boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics

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30
Q

What Treaty did the USA refuse to agree to after the SU invaded Afghanistan?

A

SALT II

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31
Q

What was SALT II supposed to do?

A

Reduce number of nuclear weapons to 2250

32
Q

What period was over by 1980?

A

Détente

33
Q

What did the SU and 14 other communists countries do in 1984?

A

Boycotted 1984 LA Olympics

34
Q

What phrase is used to describe the period between 1980-1985?

A

Second Cold War

35
Q

Who became new President of USA in January 1981?

A

Ronald Reagan

36
Q

What did Reagan call the SU?

A

The ‘Evil Empire’

37
Q

What did Reagan want to do?

A

Fight the SU and win the Cold War

38
Q

What new weapon did Reagan start to develop?

A

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) / Star Wars

39
Q

How was SDI supposed to work?

A

Create a nuclear umbrella above the USA using lasers to shoot down nuclear missiles

40
Q

What treaty did SDI break?

A

Outer Space Treaty 1967

41
Q

Why did Reagan thin SDI would help to end the Cold War?

A

Would give USA massive advantage in Arms race, bankrupt the SU by forcing them to compete in an arms race again

42
Q

Why could the SU not develop its own version of SDI?

A

Did not have the technology. Had not invested in computers

43
Q

Who became leader of the SU in 1985?

A

Mikhail Gorbachev

44
Q

Was he a communist?

A

Yes

45
Q

What 4 things did Gorbachev do?

A

Introduced Glasnost and Perestroika, ended Cold War, ended Brezhnev Doctrine

46
Q

Why did Gorbachev introduce reforms?

A

Political unrest in SU, SU needed to save money as it was going bankrupt, needed the economy to grow

47
Q

What did Glasnost mean?

A

Openness – relaxing of censorship, more freedom of speech

48
Q

What did Perestroika mean?

A

Restructuring – reform the economy to allow some capitalist elements

49
Q

When and where did the first arms meeting take place between Reagan and Gorbachev?

A

November 1985 Geneva

50
Q

What was agreed at Geneva conference 1985?

A

Nothing, but did develop a relationship

51
Q

Where and when was the second meeting between Reagan and Gorbachev?

A

Reykjavik and October 1986

52
Q

What was agreed at Reykjavik?

A

Nothing as Reagan refused to scrap SDI

53
Q

Why did Reagan start to negotiate with SU?

A

Arms race too expensive, people liked changes Gorbachev was making, good relationship with Gorbachev

54
Q

What was signed at the 3rd meeting which was held in Washington in 1987?

A

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)

55
Q

What did the INF treaty do?

A

Banned all nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5500 KM

56
Q

Did Reagan stop SDI?

A

No

57
Q

Why did Gorbachev sign the INF treaty if Reagan would not drop SDI?

A

Arms race too expensive, Reagan persuaded him USA not going to attack SU, agreeing to reduce arms would make it easier to trade with West

58
Q

Where did Reagan and Gorbachev meet in 1988 and what was agreed?

A

Moscow and no agreements sign

59
Q

Who became president of USA in January 1989?

A

George Bush Snr

60
Q

Where and when did Bush and Gorbachev first meet?

A

Malta 1989

61
Q

What two agreements were begun at Malta?

A

CFE and START I

62
Q

When was CFE agreements signed and what did it mean?

A

1990, set limits on number of non-nuclear forces that Warsaw Pact and NATO could have in Europe

63
Q

When was START I signed and what did it mean?

A

1991, destroy 1/3 of some nuclear weapons and agreed to continue to reduce. Did not include submarines or space weapons

64
Q

By ending the Brezhnev Doctrine what was Gorbachev saying to the eastern European Satellite States?

A

SU would not get involved if turned away from communism

65
Q

What did the ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine lead to?

A

Collapse of communism in Eastern Europe?

66
Q

Which countries abandoned Communism in Eastern Europe and When?

A

Poland June 1989, Hungary summer 1989 November 1989 East Germany, November 1989 Czechoslovakia

67
Q

When did military co-operation between SU and Satellite states stop?

A

1990

68
Q

What happened in the SU in August 1991?

A

8 leading communists (Gang of Eight) organised a coup which removed Gorbachev from power

69
Q

Why was there a coup against Gorbachev?

A

People felt his reforms had gone too far and were weakening the SU

70
Q

What did the new government do?

A

Overturned all the freedoms gained during Glasnost and Perestroika

71
Q

How long did the new government last?

A

3 days

72
Q

Who played a key role in defeating the coup?

A

Boris Yeltsin

73
Q

Who was Boris Yeltsin?

A

Leader of Russia

74
Q

When did Gorbachev return to Moscow?

A

21st August 1991

75
Q

What did he try to do to keep the SU together?

A

Introduce a new constitution to give countries more freedom

76
Q

Was the new constitution accepted?

A

No

77
Q

When was the end of the SU officially announced?

A

25th December 1991

History Section 1 (4 decks)

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