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History Section 1 > Section 5: 3 Cold War Crises > Flashcards

Section 5: 3 Cold War Crises Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Zones had Berlin been divided into?

A

4

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2
Q

Was Berlin in East or West Germany?

A

East

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3
Q

How many East Germans left for West Germany between 1949 & 1961?

A

2.7 million

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4
Q

What jobs did many people who were fleeing East Germany have?

A

Doctors, Lawyers (highly skilled jobs)

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5
Q

What the movement of people from East to West Germany called?

A

Brain Drain

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6
Q

What did this movement of people from East to West Germany prove?

A

People preferred capitalism to communism

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7
Q

In what month and year did Khrushchev declare Berlin officially belonged to East Germany and gave the USA 6 months to leave?

A

November 1958

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8
Q

Why did Khrushchev issue first 6 month ultimatum?

A

Stop people leaving East Germany and humiliate West

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9
Q

Who was the leader of the USA in November 1958?

A

Dwight Eisenhower

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10
Q

When and where did the first summit take place?

A

May 1959, Geneva

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11
Q

Was anything agreed at the Geneva summit?

A

No

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12
Q

When and where did the second summit take place?

A

September 1959, Camp David

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13
Q

What was agreed at Camp David?

A

No solution was agreed, but Khrushchev withdraw 6 month ultimatum and agreed would hold a third meeting

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14
Q

When and where did the 3rd meeting take place?

A

Paris May 1960

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15
Q

What happened just before the meeting at Paris?

A

USSR shot down USA U2 spy plane and captured its pilot

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16
Q

Did Eisenhower apologise for the spy plane being shot down?

A

No

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17
Q

What did Khrushchev do after Eisenhower refused to apologise for the U2 spy plane being in the SU?

A

Walked out of the conference

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18
Q

Who became President of USA in January 1961?

A

John F Kennedy

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19
Q

When and where did the 4th meeting take place?

A

June 1961, Vienna

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20
Q

What did Khrushchev re-issue at the Vienna Conference?

A

6 month ultimatum

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21
Q

Why did Khrushchev re-issue his 6 month ultimatum at the Vienna Conference?

A

Felt he could bully Kennedy due to his inexperience

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22
Q

What did Kennedy do in response to the 6 month ultimatum?

A

Refused to back down. Spent extra $3.2 billion on defence spending and extra $2-7 million on nuclear fallout shelters

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23
Q

Why could Khrushchev not start a war to get USA out of Berlin?

A

USA had 20 times more nuclear weapons and Soviet missiles could not reach USA

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24
Q

What plan did Khrushchev come up with to try and resolve the conflict after USA would not leave?

A

Built a barrier around West Berlin

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25
Q

When did he build the barrier?

A

12th August 1961

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26
Q

What was the barrier first made of?

A

Barbed wire

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27
Q

What did the barrier become?

A

A wall

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28
Q

What happened to people trying to cross the barrier?

A

They were shot

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29
Q

On 27th October what else did the Soviet Union do?

A

Used tanks to block Western troops from moving around the city

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30
Q

What did the Soviet Unions decision to block western troops moving around the city of Berlin lead to?

A

18 hour tank stand off before both sides backed down

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31
Q

What did Kennedy say about the Berlin Wall?

A

it is not a nice solution, but it is a hell of a lot better than war

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32
Q

Why was the building of the Berlin wall so significant?

A

Stopped East Germans leaving, Allowed SU to appear strong while avoiding war, became a symbol of the Cold War / East West divide

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33
Q

Which country was ahead in the arms race by 1960?

A

USA

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34
Q

How many Inter-continental ballistic missiles did the USA have compared to USSR?

A

450 vs 76

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35
Q

Which two countries did the USA have nuclear missiles in?

A

GB & Turkey

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36
Q

Why was this so important the USA had missile in Europe?

A

USA missiles could reach USSR

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37
Q

What planes did the USA have which could drop nuclear bombs on USSR?

A

B52

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38
Q

Could the USSR reach the USA with their nuclear weapons in 1960?

A

No

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39
Q

How many miles is Cuba from USA?

A

90

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40
Q

In 1956 how much of the Cuban electric supply was run by US companies?

A

90%

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41
Q

How many oil refineries on Cuba were owned by US companies?

A

All

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42
Q

What happened in 1959 in Cuba?

A

There was a revolution

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43
Q

Who was the leader of Cuba before the revolution?

A

Batista

44
Q

Who was the leader of the Cuban revolution?

A

Fidel Castro

45
Q

Would Eisenhower meet with Castro?

A

No

46
Q

What Castro do?

A

Castro banned foreign ownership of Cuban land. (he did offer to pay people for their land but USA refused to accept it). Castro nationalised all oil refineries

47
Q

What did the USA do in response to Castro’s revolution?

A

Banned import of Cuban sugar (main export of Cuba)

48
Q

Who agreed to buy Cuban the sugar after USA refused?

A

USSR

49
Q

Who became President in January 1961?

A

Kennedy

50
Q

Who persuaded Kennedy to support an attempt to take back Cuba from Castro?

A

CIA

51
Q

Why was the USA so worried by Cuba?

A

USA did not wasn’t a communist country so close to USA, particularly if it was an ally of the USSR

52
Q

Why did Kennedy agree to the plan by the CIA to take back Cuba?

A

CIA told him they could hide involvement of USA by using Cuban rebels, Casto’s hold on Cuba was weak, most Cuban’s would support the invasion

53
Q

When did the attack to take back Cuba happen?

A

17th April 1961

54
Q

How many Cuban rebels invaded?

A

1400

55
Q

Where did the Cuban revels land?

A

Bay of Pigs

56
Q

How many men were there to resist them from Castro’s army?

A

20,000

57
Q

Did the attack work by the Cuban revels work?

A

No

58
Q

Why did the attack by the Cuban rebels fail?

A

Castro knew about the attack, Cuban’s did not support it, US air strikes before the attack missed their targets

59
Q

What did Castro declare after the attack by the Cuban rebels?

A

Said he was a communist

60
Q

Who did Castro turn to protect his country from the USA?

A

The USSR

61
Q

What did Khrushchev offer to do?

A

Put nuclear weapons in Cuba

62
Q

Why was Khrushchev so keen to put nuclear weapons in Cuba?

A

USSR would have nuclear weapons that could reach USA

63
Q

When did Khrushchev start to send nuclear missiles to Cuba?

A

Sept 1962

64
Q

When did the USA first find out the SU was putting missiles in Cuba?

A

October 1962

65
Q

What is the name given to the two groups who advised Kennedy what to do when the USA found out the SU were putting missiles in Cuba?

A

Hawkes (aggressive) Doves (peaceful)

66
Q

What did Kennedy decide to do to stop the SU getting missiles into Cuba?

A

Create a naval blockade around Cuba

67
Q

On what day did Kennedy tell the American people what he was going to blockade Cuba?

A

22nd Oct 1962

68
Q

What happened on 24th October?

A

Soviet ship turn around or stop, but Khrushchev says USSR will go to war if USA attack Cuba

69
Q

What happened on 25th October?

A

USA and USSR prepare for nuclear war. USA direct 156 ICBM’s at USSR. Kennedy writes to Khrushchev telling him to remove missiles from Cuba

70
Q

What happened on 26th October?

A

Khrushchev sends two letter in response to Kennedy’s request. First letter says he will remove missiles in return for America guaranteeing not to attack Cuba. Second letter also demands USA remove missiles from Turkey

71
Q

What happened on 27th October?

A

Robert Kennedy (President’s brother) goes to Soviet ambassador and says USA will agree to deal but only if withdrawal from Turkey

72
Q

What happened on 28th October?

A

Khrushchev agrees to the deal

73
Q

What was set up in June 1963?

A

The ‘hotline’

74
Q

What was signed in August 1963?

A

Limited Test Ban Treaty?

75
Q

What did the Treaty mean?

A

Ban testing all nuclear weapons in space, in the sea and above ground. Underground tests still allowed

76
Q

The hotline and Test ban were the beginning of what?

A

Détente

77
Q

What did the SU achieve by 1965

A

MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

78
Q

Why does MAD help to prevent war?

A

Both sides won’t attack each other as will be destroyed equally

79
Q

What happened to Khrushchev after the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

Forced to resign in October 1964 over his handling of Cuba

80
Q

As a result of the crisis which country left NATO?

A

France

81
Q

What was happening to the Czech economy by the 1960’s?

A

It was declining

82
Q

Who was the leader of Czechoslovakia 1960?

A

Antonin Novotny?

83
Q

What was the name of the Czech secret police?

A

StB

84
Q

How many people had StB imprisoned or killed by 1960?

A

Estimated 5000 killed & 200,000 imprisoned

85
Q

Who challenged Novotny for leadership of the Communist Party?

A

Alexander Dubcek

86
Q

On what date did Dubcek become leader?

A

5th January 1968

87
Q

Dubcek was friendly with whom?

A

Leonid Brezhnev (new leader of USSR)

88
Q

What did Dubcek want to create?

A

Communism with a friendly face’

89
Q

Was is the period called when Dubcek introduced his reforms called?

A

Prague Spring’

90
Q

What reforms did Dubcek introduce and when?

A

Relaxation of censorship, toleration of political opposition groups, more power to regional governments, more power to Czech parliament, market socialism (reintroduction of capitalist elements). April 1968

91
Q

Did Dubcek leave the Warsaw pact?

A

No

92
Q

Why was the USSR so angry about the reforms in Czechoslovakia?

A

Weaken soviet control over Czechoslovakia, lead to collapse of Easter Bloc

93
Q

What did Brezhnev try to do at first?

A

Persuade his friend to stop the reforms

94
Q

Did Dubcek listen to Brezhnev?

A

No

95
Q

What happened in August 1968?

A

The SU invaded

96
Q

What did Brezhnev issue to justify the attack?

A

The Brezhnev Doctrine

97
Q

What did the Brezhnev doctrine say?

A

SU right to invade any country which threatens the security of the Eastern Bloc. Brezhnev said Dubcek’s reforms were going to lead to a decline in communist control in Eastern Europe

98
Q

Did Dubcek tell his people to resist?

A

No

99
Q

What did the people do when the SU attacked Czechoslovakia?

A

Non-violent civil disobedience – stood in front of tanks, peaceful protest marches

100
Q

What happened to Dubcek?

A

Arrested and taken to Moscow

101
Q

What was Dubcek forced to sign?

A

Moscow Protocol

102
Q

What did Moscow Protocol force Czechoslovakia to re-introduce?

A

Censorship, removing opposition, no capitalism

103
Q

Did Dubcek remain as leader after the SU attacked?

A

He remained leader until April 1969

104
Q

What was the USA’s response to the SU attacking Czechoslovakia?

A

Condemned the attack but offered no military support

105
Q

What was response of Western Communists to the SU attacking Czechoslovakia

A

Outraged by the attack and declared themselves independent of Soviet Communism. They created Eurocommunsim or Western Communism

106
Q

How did Eastern European countries respond to the SU attacking Czechoslovakia?

A

Romania and Yugoslavia condemned the invasion and formed alliances with Communist China. However, the East German and Polish governments welcomed the clamp down as they were worried if nothing had been done their people might have also wanted reforms

History Section 1 (4 decks)

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