Section 6- Development and Resource Issues Flashcards
What is development?
The process of change which improves the wealth and quality of life of people
What is Economic development?
The result of increased employment and rising incomes
What is Social development?
When there is rising life expectancy and greater access to education. healthcare, clean water and housing for all people, particularly for women and minority groups
What is Political development?
Involves forming stable government and allowing greater freedom of speech
What is the Development Gap?
The widening difference in levels of development between the world’s richest and poorest countries
What is the Development Continuum?
A linear scale from ‘highly developed’ countries to those with a ‘low level’ of development
What is GNI ?
Gross National Income per capita - the average wage of a country’s poulation
How is economic development measured?
- GDP
- GNI
- employment structure - the type of work people do
- poverty - the percentage of the population that earn less than the minimum wage
What is GDP?
Gross Domestic Product - the total value of all goods and services produced within a country within a year
Give an example of a LIC and the properties of it
Malawi
- people live in remote rural areas and only few roads for transport
- plots of land is small, soils are infertile.
- families are large
- 90% of the population earns less than $2 a day
- education facilities are poor
- diseases are likely
How has global trade led to uneven patterns of development ?
- HICS export valuable manufactured goods and services such as cars.They import cheaper primary products such as sugar
- LICS export the primary goods to the HICS and import manufactured goods, because they earn little and remain in poverty, the country is forced to borrow money to pay for its imports and then the country goes into debt
Why are the causes if the price of primary goods fluctuates?
the prices are set by the HIC’s and produces in LIC’s lose out when price drops.
What are Exports ?
goods and services produced in one country and shipped to another
What are Imports?
goods and services brought into a country from another
What are Tariffs?
taxes imposed on imports
What are Quotas?
limits on the amount of goods imported
What are Subsidies?
ADD
What does free trade allow? and what does it cause?
allows countries to import and export goods without tariffs or other barriers.
- increased exports
- more job opportunities
- lower prices
What is a Trade Bloc?
ADD
What are 4 reasons why India has experienced rapid economic growth?
- investment into education has provided highly skilled workforce
- investments in MNC’s has created jobs
- world’s second largest population, these people have purchasing power so the Indian market is large
- Trade blocs
What is globalisation ?
ADD
What causes globalisation ?
- improved technology
- improvements in communications
- advances in transport - lower freight charges
- the removal of trade barriers
- growth of MNC’s
What attracts a MNC do start business in a country?
- government incentives
- availability of raw materials
- lower labour costs
- trade blocs
- reduced costs of land and building
What are the advantages of an MNC in a country?
+ investment provides jobs for local people
+ the multiplier effect spreads the wealth
What are the disadvantages of an MNC in a country?
- profits often sent back to HIC where MNC is based
- may drive local businesses out of business
- MNC might leave and then leave people without jobs
Name one case study where a MNC moved to?
Nike and Vietnam (NIC)
What were the advantages of Nike in Vietnam?
+ created 40,000 jobs
+ paid higher wages than local jobs
+ helped attract more MNC’s
+ contributes to tax to pay for education etc.
+ export of Nike products brings money into country
What were the disadvantages of Nike in Vietnam?
- sweatshops abuse to workers
- Nike has a high demand for energy and water
What is outsourcing?
transferring of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally
What is a NIC?
newly industrialised country - a country in which development has been rapid over recent time.
What is tourism?
any activity when a person voluntarily visits a place away from home and stays there for at least one night
What are 3 factors which have meant tourism has increased?
- increased life expectancy and earlier retirement means more older people are travelling
- higher salaries means than people have more spending money
- modern aircraft means that travel has become easier and more affordable.
- growth of holiday companies has made booking easier and more affordable
What is enclave tourism?
where a tourists activities are planned and congregated in one small geographic area
What is a cruise holiday ?
a voyage on a ship or boat taken for pleasure and usually stopping at several locations.
What is leakage?
the way in which revenue generated by tourism is lost to other countries’ economies.
What is the informal economy ?
the jobs that are done by self-employed people which are neither declared to, nor regulated by, the authorities
What are the benefits of tourism growth?
+ generates employment
+ brings foreign exchange
+ wealth can be invested in services such as health and education
+ new facilities provided for tourists can be used by locals
What are the costs of tourism growth?
- jobs are often low paid and temporary
- local culture destroyed
- fragile ecosystems are destroyed
- increased pollution from road and air traffic
What is aid ?
a transfer of resources from a richer company to a poorer country
What are the 6 types of aid?
Bilateral Multilateral Short-term Emergency Long-term Development Debt Abolition Aid from non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
What is Bilateral Aid?
between two countries, tied aid - the receiving country must spend money on goods and services from donor country
What is Multilateral Aid?
money donated from richer countries via organisations.
What is Short-term Emergency Aid?
gives immediate relief during or after a natural disaster e.eg food and medicines
What is Long-term Development Aid?
a sustained programme of aid which aims to improve standards of living e.g education
What is Debt Abolition ?
when richer countries cancel debt owed to them by poorer countries
What is Aid from NGOs?
given through charities
What does fair trade mean?
that the producer receives a guaranteed and fair price for a product
What are 3 aims of fair trade to provide?
- minimum wages and safe working conditions
- restrictions on child labour
- protection of the environment
What are 4 aims of fair trade to provide?
- minimum wages and safe working conditions
- restrictions on child labour
- protection of the environment
- improved schools and healthcare
What are the argument for aid?
- emergency aid saves lives and reduces misery
- development projects lead to long-term improvements in standards of living
- assistance in developing natural resources benefits the global economy
- aid for industrial development creates jobs, and aid for agriculture helps to increase food supply
- provision of medical training and supplies improves health
What are the arguments against aid ?
- aid can increase dependency on donor country
- profits from large projects can go to multinationals and donor countries
- aid doesn’t always reach the people who need it and can be kept by corrupt offficials
- aid can be spent on prestige projects or in urban areas rather than in the areas of need
- aid can be used as a weapon to exert political pressure on the receiving country
What is the water footprint ?
the total volume of freshwater consumed and polluted by people.
Where is water used?
- 70% of the water is used to produce food
- 20% is used by industry
- 10% used in household
- in agriculture most of the water is used for irrigation
- large quantity of our water is lost through evaporation and leaks in reservoirs.
What is water security?
when the population of a country has sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptably clean water
Water security is when :
- people have enough safe and affordable water to stay healthy
- there is a sufficient water for agriculture and industry
- the supply is sustainable and ecosystems that supply water are conserved
- people are protected from water-related hazards such as drought
What are the reasons for increasing water demands?
- population growth
- agricultural change
- industrial growth
- growth of consumerism
What is water stress?
when the demand for water exceeds the available supply or when poor quality of water restricts its use
What are the strategies to manage water supply?
- build dams and reservoirs ; this provides large supplies of water all year round for domestic use and irrigation
- water transfer schemes ; when a country has a water surplus in one area and a water shortage in another, supplies can be transferred through canals and pipes
- desalination plants ; removing the salt from seawater to make it safe to drink
- abstraction of groundwater ; water underground is stored in rock formations called aquifer
- water conservation
- using ‘grey’ water ; water that either been used previously or is untreated rainwater.
What are the consequences of small-scale water management ?
often funded by NGO’s they usually :
- bottom-up projects controlled by local community
- relatively cheap and easy to set up
- are easy to maintain
