Section 2 - Rural-Urban Links Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a rural area?
- low/ sparse population
What are the characteristics of a urban area?
- busy, built-up
- higher population density
What is the def for a rural area?
an area of the countryside characterised by wide open spaces
What is the def for a urban area?
a built-up environment where a lot of people live
What is the population density?
the average number of people per square kilometre.
What is the def for location?
a particular place or position
What is the urban-rural continuum?
a continuum along which all settlements are placed
What is the sphere of influence?
A region within which an urban area provides an important economic and social influence
What things make the sphere of influence bigger?
- the better the rail and transport links
- distance from other urban areas
- size of the urban area
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people out of towns and cities to rural areas
What are 4 reasons for counter-urbanisation?
Housing - type and style of homes people want are cheaper in rural areas.
Family status - bigger families people may look for larger properties in rural locations
Transport - improve road and rail links, enables people to live in different places but still travel to their work.
Employment - decline of industry work in urban
Social factors - low crime rate good schools lead people out of urban areas
Environmental factors - increased noise and air pollution in urban
What is the impact of counter-urbanisation on rural settlements ?
increase in house prices because of high demand
decrease in traditional services (village shops)
increase in numbers of school children in rural areas
increased amounts of traffic and pollution
What are the factors leading to increased commuting?
cities have more jobs
people living in rural areas because of inflated city house prices
improvement in road and rail links
What are the factors leading to decreased commuting?
the rapid grow of internet and emails so people work from home
increased coverage and quality of phone networks enables people to keep in contact with co-workers
rapid growth of broadband
How are rural areas changing due to the urban sphere of influence and technology?
- reduction in jobs in rural area - more jobs becoming tertiary rather than primary
What is the def of primary jobs?
jobs that include getting raw materials from the environment e.g. fishing mining
What is the def of tertiary jobs?
jobs that provide a service e.g teaching
Def of sustainable community
a community that is able to support the needs of all residents with minimal environment impacts
What are 2 strategies which could create a sustainable community?
- reliability and frequency of transport
- availability of jobs
- internet connections
- education
- healthcare
What are 2 social factors which are affecting population change?
healthcare - NHS is freely accessible, leading to a longer life expectancy and low infant mortality rate
marriage - people are marrying later, effects when they start a family
culture
ageing population - lower birth rate
What are 2 economic factors which are affecting population change?
cost of raising a family
career - women are wanting to pursue their careers for longer
What is migration?
the movement of people from one place to another
What is the def of death rate ?
number of people dying in an area per 1,000
What are 3 impacts of migration
- strain on schools due to the amount of non-English speaking pupils
- low-paid, unskilled jobs are taken
- house prices increases
- increase in number of young adults working and paying taxes
- increased birth rate
What are 2 economic effects of an ageing population?
- less people paying taxes
- more money needed to for pensions
- more people dependent on pensions
What are 2 economic effects of an social population?
- increase in health issues as people are living longer
- increased amount of care services needed
- increase number of people living on their own - decrease the amount of housing available
- working-age people are looking after the elderly
What are 3 things that make a community sustainable?
- well connected - public transport and transport links so residents can get to work, schools, healthcare and other services
- environmentally sensitive - considerate to habitats and wildlife
- active and safe
- thriving - with a variety of work opportunities and strong economy
What is a greenfield site?
an area of land which hasn’t been used before for buildings
What are the 3 challenges planners face when considering to build on a greenfield, and why?
- environmental sustainability - destruction of rural land that hasn’t been built on. Development on a green belt area could lead to urban sprawl
- economic sustainability - the costs of new housing maybe too high for existing residents to afford.
- social sustainability - new greenfield developments may encourage urban residents to move to countryside and therefore change the style of life. Local services put under pressure
What is a brownfield site?
an area for redevelopment that has been previously built on
What is re-urbanisation?
people moving from the countryside back into urban areas
What are two advantages rebuilding on brownfield sites?
- not destroying areas of countryside
- re-urbanisation people will like to move back to places which are revitalised
What are 2 economic factor which is leading to change in retailing?
increase of home delivery firms, making delivered good cheaper congestion in cities large areas of free parking high city parking prices wages paid monthly not weekly
What is a CBD?
central business district - the main shopping and service in a city
What is a cultural factor which is leading to change in retailing?
car-dependent society
habit of bulk buying rather than weekly/ monthly shops
What are 2 technological factor which is leading to change in retailing?
wider coverage of high-speed broadband
website improvements - more graphics
rise of many retailers that are only online
internet banking
What are two benefits of out-of-town shopping centres?
- large free parking areas for customers
- quick and easy access for customers and deliveries due to being near major roads
- less congestion
- often room to expansion due to edge-of-city location
- land values are cheaper and therefore shops are biggers, holding more variety of stock
- near suburban houses close to customers and workforce
What are two costs of out-of-town shopping centres?
- attract shoppers away from city centres, cause decline
- cause congestion on surrounding access roads
- tends to be the same chain stores that populate shopping centres and retail parks and therefore do not support smaller independent stores
- land use conflict
What are two benefits of online shopping?
- convenient and often cheaper method of browsing and buying goods.
- customers can buy products not available locally
- customers can buy at any time from any location
- it is less time consuming
- congestion is reduced
- jobs are provided with delivery services
What are two costs of online shopping?
- not everyone has internet access
- goods may not be expected when delivered and it may be difficult to return
- city centre lose trade, lead to job losses and closure of shops
- more delivery vans increase congestion and pollution
- storage of card details can lead to fraud
What is urbanisation ?
the growth of towns and cities
What are NIC’s?
Newly industrialised countries - middle-income countries where the pace of economic growth is faster than other developing countries
What are Mega-cities?
cities with over ten million residents
How do cities become global cities?
finance and trade : location of stock exchange and bank headquarters
governance : location of central government, international organisations e.g EU
diversity : attract large numbers of migrants
media
cultural centres: location of a wide range of entertainment venues
innovation : locations of top-rated universities and research
What is globalisation?
flows of people, ideas, money and goods making a global web that links people and places
What are global cities?
cities that play an important role in the global economic system of finance and trade
What is infrastructure ?
the basic structures and services needed by any society
