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Biopsychology > Section 6 > Flashcards

Section 6 Flashcards

Sleep

1
Q

The three standard methods for monitoring and recording brain and physiological activity

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrooculography (EOG)
Electromyography (EMG)

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2
Q

Which waves are present during wakefulness

A

non-attentive: alpha
attentive: beta

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3
Q

EEG Stages of Sleep

A

Initial Stage 1 - NREM theta waves
Stage 2: higher voltage and slower than stage 1; k-complexes and sleep spindles
Stage 3: delta waves; no spindles
Stage 4: predominantly delta waves

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4
Q

Emergent Stages of Sleep

A

Stage 1: REM Sleep
Stages 3&4: Slow-wave sleep

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5
Q

What stage of sleep is indicated by long slow waves on an EEG? What is the name of the slow wave?

A

Stages 3&4 - delta waves

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6
Q

[True/False] Dreaming always occurs during REM

A

False. Dreaming occurs more often during REM but not always

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7
Q

What do each of the standard measurement methods show during REM sleep

A

EEG - similar to wakefulness; EOG - rapid eye movements; EMG - flat (no neck movements)

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8
Q

What measure(s) should an investigator use to determined whether a sleeper is in REM sleep? Which part of the the night is REM most common?

A

EEG; REM is most common before waking up

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9
Q

[True/False] All birds and mammals sleep

A

True

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10
Q

The variety in sleep time among species demonstrates

A

sleep serves some important physiological function
sleep is not an exclusive “higher-order” human function
sleep is not necessarily needed in large quantities for all animals

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11
Q

Recuperation Theory of Sleep

A

Sleep is for repair and restoration. Being awake disrupts homeostasis and sleep is required to restore it.

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12
Q

Circadian Theory of Sleep

A

Sleep is for preservation and protection. Sleep is an adaptive response to conserve energy to protect animals from the dangers of the night and is the result of an internal timing mechanism.

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13
Q

Freudian Theory of Dreams

A

Dreams represent subconscious wishes and repressed thoughts - not much modern evidence

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14
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams (Hobson)

A

The cortex is activated by random signals from the brain stem (e.g. pons) and it tries to synthesize stories while asleep.

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15
Q

[True/False] Dreaming may help with learning

A

True. Demonstrated by Stickgold et al showed that dreaming about a task you’ve seen may help you complete it

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16
Q

Lesions to which brain areas produce a cessation of dreaming

A

Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
Medial prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

Which brain regions are involved in the visual imagery implicated in dreams

A

Medial occipital lobe

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18
Q

Why do we consider REM sleep to be paradoxical?

A

During REM, the EEG patterns are similar to wakefulness
REM sleep is in some ways the deepest sleep, but in other ways the lightest
REM is characterized by rapid eye movements, increased heart rate, irregular breathing, and genital erection although core muscles are more relaxed than in other stages

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19
Q

Our most familiar circadian rhythm is the

A

sleep-wake cycle

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20
Q

Evidence for an endogenous biological clock

A

physiological and behavioral activity rhythms continue even when animals are maintained in a constant environment

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21
Q

Free-running rhythms (definition)

A

animals demonstrate regular biological cycles in a constant environment
for humans usually slightly more than 24hrs

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22
Q

Do animals raised in unchanging lab environments show circadian rhythms?

A

Yes. This is because it is intrinsic and endogenous. The sleep-wake cycle is NOT a learned behavior.

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23
Q

What stimulus is the most effective zeitgeber for humans? What evidence indicates that humans have an internal biological clock?

A

sunlight; free-running rhythms

24
Q

What brain region is associated with our internal biological clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains rhythm-generating neurons
lesions to this brain region abolish most circadian rhythms
Isolated neurons display circadian rhythms of activity

25
Q

Mechanisms of entrainment

A

retinohypothalamic tract - direct path from the retina to the SCN; involved in allowing zeitgebers (Sunlight) to entrain the circadian cycles

26
Q

Genetics of circadian rhythms (Case study)

A

one study was done on fruit flies where the isolated the cells to find out the molecular mechanisms of intrinsic rhythms. They found the per and tim genes. A study done later in mice found that the clock gene activates the per gene.

27
Q

What are the implications from findings of circadian genes across species?

A

this indicates that these genes probably evolved early in evolutionary history
gene expression is triggered by light-dark cycle

28
Q

Which brain area is most important for producing the circadian rhythm? How does light reset or adjust the biological clock?

A

SCN; light signal transmitted via the retinohypothalamic pathway

29
Q

Sensory theory of sleep (Breme)

A

hypothesized that sleep is caused by a reduction of sensory input to the forebrain, meaning that sleep is passive. Proved wrong later

30
Q

Active theory of sleep

A

sleep is not a state of neural quiescence and sleep-promoting circuits exist

31
Q

The Reticular-Activating System

A

recieves sensory input and arouses the cortex,; the stimulation awakens a sleeping individual and increases altertness

32
Q

[True/False] Sleep talking and sleepwalking are found to occur during dreams in the REM sleep stage

A

False

33
Q

[True/False] Sleep relies on reducing brain activity

A

False

34
Q

[True/False] Different brain regions are associated with REM and NREM

A

True

35
Q

[True/False] Some part of the hypothalamus promotes wakefulness

A

True

36
Q

[True/False] Sleep promoting brain areas were found

A

True

37
Q

How do we differentiate between stage 3 and stage 4 sleep EEG?

A

the amount of large and slow EEG waves present

38
Q

____ waves occur during dreaming and seem to support the _____ theory of dreaming

A

PGO; Activation-Synthesis

39
Q

Some complications associated with treating insomnia with benzodiazepines are

A

cessation of use causes insomnia
chronic use can lead to dependence
tolerance develops

40
Q

Neural circuits during REM

A

PGO waves during REM are thought to be one way in which pseudo-sensory info from the brain stem is transmitted to the cerebral cortex

41
Q

The two interconnected sets of neurons in the Pons

A

Projection to the thalamus (ascending) - increases brain activity occurring during REM
Projection to the medulla (descending) - regulates/relaxes core muscle tone during REM

42
Q

How does melatonin affect sleep?

A

production is regulated by the SCN to increase sleepiness

43
Q

Why does melatonin have little effect if taken before bedtime?

A

because your body already produces melatonin at night

44
Q

What would happen to a sleeper if the person’s reticular formation is being stimulated?

A

they would be awakened

45
Q

What might happen to an animal if the pons to the medulla connection is severed?

A

acting out the dream

46
Q

What might happen to an animal if the pons to the thalamus connection is severed?

A

disruptions in REM

47
Q

Insomnia

A

complaints of little to no sleep
may be iatrogenic as a result of drug tolerance or due to sleep apnea

48
Q

Hypersomnia

A

complaints of too much sleep and still feeling tired

49
Q

Narcolepsy

A

overwhelming sleepiness results into sleep attacks where the person falls directly into REM sleep - cataplexy (relaxed muscle tone associated with REM)

50
Q

Effects of total sleep deprivation?

A

little marked physiological disturbance (normal strength and motor performance) but some effects on cognitive performance related to executive function

51
Q

The most reliable effect of sleep deprivation in humans is

A

sleepiness

52
Q

Effects of REM deprivation

A

REM occurs more frequently
REM rebound when sleep deprivation is over

53
Q

Effects of long-term sleep reduction

A

individuals deprived of sleep become more efficient sleepers
cognitive performance deficits accumulate over time (attention and working memory)

54
Q

What is the importance of REM?

A

no definitive answer - drugs that block REM are not severely debilitating

55
Q

How can we sleep more efficiently?

A

reduce amount of time in bed not sleeping

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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