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Biopsychology > Focused Questions Section 2 > Flashcards

Focused Questions Section 2 Flashcards

Based on textbook and lecture

1
Q

What are the three levels of the sensory cortex?

A

primary sensory cortex
secondary sensory cortex
association cortex

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2
Q

The primary sensory cortex receives input mostly from

A

thalamic relay nuclei

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3
Q

The secondary sensory cortex receives input mostly from

A

the primary cortex or other secondary sensory cortex areas of the same system

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4
Q

The association cortex receives input from

A

more than one sensory system

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5
Q

How do we characterize the interaction between each level of the sensory cortex?

A

hierarchical organization, functional segregation, and parallel processing

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6
Q

What is hierarchical organization?

A

organization based on the specificity and complexity of function

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7
Q

What is functional segregation?

A

each of the three levels of the cerebral cortex in each sensory system contains functionally distinct areas for different types of analysis

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8
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways

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9
Q

Sensory systems can be considered ___ systems

A

parallel

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10
Q

Which system is responsible for the perception of sound?

A

the auditory system

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11
Q

List the physical dimensions of sound and their correspondent perceptual dimension

A

amplitude –> loudness
frequency –> pitch
complexity –> timbre

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12
Q

The combination of the individual dimensions of sound results in

A

the formation of a complex sound wave

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13
Q

In what order are sound waves/vibrations passed through the mechanisms of the ear? (8)

A

auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles (stapes) - oval window - cochlea fluid - organ of Corti - hair cells - auditory nerve

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14
Q

Similar to the somatotopic organization of the somatosensory system, the auditory system can be described as _______

A

tonotopic

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15
Q

Neurons in both the auditory cortex and the cochlea are ________

A

cochlea; frequency specific

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16
Q

What area is recognized for its responsibility in multisensory integration?

A

posterior parietal

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17
Q

The vestibular system explains balance in a way that it processes

A

info about the direction and intensity of head movements

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18
Q

What is the order of processing sound from the ear to the primary auditory cortex?

A

axons of olivary neurons - inferior colliculi - medial geniculate nuclei of thalamus - primary auditory cortex

19
Q

What system is responsible for the localization of sound in space?

A

the subcortical auditory system

20
Q

In what ways do the lateral and medial superior olives differ in the way they allow you to localize sound?

A

the lateral olives detect differences in the amplitude of sound from two ears; the medial superior olives detect differences in times of arrival

21
Q

What is the location of the primary auditory cortex?

A

the temporal lobe

22
Q

Describe the organization of the auditory cortex

A

the primary auditory cortex is organized in functional columns and organized tonotopically

23
Q

Each area of primary and secondary auditory cortex appears to be organized on the basis of ___

A

frequency

24
Q

What are the two main cortical streams of auditory analysis and what is the difference between the two?

A

the anterior auditory pathway is more involved in identifying sounds (what); the posterior auditory pathway is more involved in locating sounds (where)

25
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located within the superior _____ gyrus and is thought to be essential for _______

A

Temporal; detection of temporal patterns of sound

26
Q

Severe hearing problems typically result from damage to which parts of the ear

A

the inner ear, the middle ear, or the nerves leading from them

27
Q

If only part of the cochlea is damaged an individual may experience

A

nerve deafness for some frequencies but not others

28
Q

What three subsystems compose the somatosensory system?

A

exteroceptive - senses stimuli applied to the skin
proprioceptive - monitors position of the body
interoceptive - conditions within the body

29
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

they are the simplest cutaneous receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes and pain

30
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles and what do they do?

A

they are the largest and deepest cutaneous receptors; they adapt rapidly and react to only sudden displacements of the skin

31
Q

What is the difference between Merkel’s and Ruffini receptors?

A

they are both slow adapting; Merkel’s receptors respond to gradual skin indentation while Ruffini respond to skin stretch

32
Q

A person with the inability to recognize and discriminate objects by touch would be said to have

A

asterognosis

33
Q

What is the main difference in functioning of the two major somatosensory pathways?

A

the dorsal-column medial-lemniscus handles touch and proprioception; the anterolateral system handles pain and temperature

34
Q

The organization of the somatosensory system can be best described as

A

somatotopic - organized according to a map of the body

35
Q

What is the main result of damage to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

typically mild disability in detecting light touch and reduced ability to identify objects by touch

36
Q

The minimal impairment in functioning following damage to the S1 cortex is explained by

A

the numerous parallel pathways in the somatosensory system

37
Q

What is asomatognosia and what causes it?

A

the inability to recognize parts of one’s own body; typically on the left side as a result of damage in the right temporal and posterior parietal lobe

38
Q

How can we explain the Rubber-Hand Illusion?

A

(not 100% sure) thought to be due to the roles of the association cortex in the posterior parietal and frontal lobes as well as the bimodal neurons (visual + somatosensory)

39
Q

What three aspects of pain explain the paradox of pain perception?

A

the adaptiveness of pain
lack of clear cortical representation
descending (down-regulation) pain control

40
Q

Which areas do we typically see activated with the introduction of painful stimuli?

A

thamalus, S1, S2, insula, and anterior cingulate

41
Q

The anterior cingulate is not responsible for the perception of pain itself, however, is typically associated with

A

expectation of pain, emotional reaction, and adaptive response to minimize pain

42
Q

Which brain areas are associated with the effective suppression of pain through cognitive and emotional factors?

A

the periaqueductal gray (PAG) - produce analgesic (pain blocking) effect
endogenous opioids (endorphins)

43
Q

What underlies the phenomenon of Phantom Limb Pain?

A

best explained by neuropathic pain - severe, chronic pain in the absence of recognizable pain stimulus; the mechanism is unknown

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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