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Edexcel GCSE Biology > Section 5 - Blood and Organs > Flashcards

Section 5 - Blood and Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What does plasma transport (7)

A
  • Red and white blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Heat energy
  • Hormones
  • Urea, from liver to kidneys
  • Carbon dioxide, from body cells to the lungs
  • Digested food products, gut to all body cells
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2
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed from? (1)

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

Where is sufficent water reabsorbed from and where does it go (2)

A
  • From the collecting duct
  • Into the bloodstream
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4
Q

What are the three different types of blood vessel, and what do they do (6)

A
  • Arteries : Carry blood away from the heart
  • Capillaries : Involved in exchange of materials at the tissues
  • Veins : Carry the blood to the heart
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5
Q

What do veins do and how are they adapted to do this (4)

A
  • Capilleries eventually join up to form veins
  • Blood is at lower pressure, so walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls
  • Bigger lumen, to help blood flow
  • Have valves, to keep blood flowing the right direction
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6
Q

What is the job of lymphocytes (5)

A
  • Every pathogen has unique molecules called antigens; on its surface
  • When lymphocytes come across foriegn antigens, they produce proteins called antibodies
  • Antibodies lock onto invading pathogens and mark them for destruction
  • Antibodies produced are specfic to the type of antigen
  • Antibodies are produced rapidly and flow round the body, to mark all similar pathogens
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7
Q

After selective reabsorbtion and ultrafiltration, how/what substances are released from the body (3)

A
  • Substances like water, salts and urea
  • Form urine
  • Continues out the nephron, through the ureter and down to the bladder
  • Bladder stores it until being released via the urethra
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8
Q

Key feature of the trachea (2)

A
  • Rings of cartilige
  • Prevent in collapsing after inhalation
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9
Q

How does the hormonal system help to control heart rate (4)

A
  • When an organism is threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline
  • Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart
  • This causes the cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate increases and the heart pumps more blood
  • This increases oxygen supply to the tissues, getting the body ready for action
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10
Q

What are pathogens (1)

A

Pathogens are microorgansisms that cause disease, e.g certain types of bacteria and viruses

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11
Q

Which of these blood vessels (vena cava, capillary, aorta) carries blood at the lowest pressure (1)

A

Vena Cava

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

How does your immune system deal with pathogens (2)

A
  • Destroying pathogens is the job of your immune system, and white blood cells
  • Two types of white blood cell used by the body : phagocytes and lymphocytes
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14
Q

What is the function of plasma (1)

A
  • Carries everything around the body
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15
Q

definition, branch, size, walls, carry, permeable, supply, walls

What do capillaries do and how are they adapted for this (7)

A
  • Involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues
  • Arteries branch into capillaries
  • Really small
  • Carry the blood really close to every cell in the body; to exchange substances
  • Permeable walls, allowing substances to diffuse in and out
  • Supply food and oxygem. and take away waste, e.g carbon dioxide
  • Walls are one cell thick, increases rate of diffusion, by decreasing the distance over which it happens
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16
Q

Explain the process of selective reabsorption (4)

A
  • Useful substances reabsorbed back into the blood
  • All the glucose is reasborbed from the proximal convoluted tubule, by active transport
  • Sufficent salt is reabsorbed, excess isn’t
  • Sufficent water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct to the blood stream
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17
Q

High levels of blood cholesterol can lead to narrowing of arteries. Suggest how this might affect the ability of the heart to function (8)

A
  • Less oxygen/glucose/blood
  • Less aerobic respiration/more anerobic
  • More lactic acid
  • Heart works harder
  • Increase in pressure
  • Coronary artery
  • Clots
  • Death/heart attack
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18
Q

How does your body become immune to a disease using lymphocytes (3)

A
  • Lymphoctyes stay in your blood as memory cells after the infection has been fought off
  • They reproduce very fast if the same antigen enters the body a second time
  • Body becomes immune
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19
Q

Which of the these blood vessels (vena cava, capillary, aorta) carries blood containing the most oxygen (1)

A

Aorta

20
Q

What 3 processes happen as blood passes through nephrons (3)

A
  • Ultrafiltration
  • Reabsorption
  • Release of wastes
21
Q

If there isn’t enough water in the blood, what happens (4)

A
  • Brain detects water loss
  • Pituitary gland releases more ADH
  • ADH makes kidney reabsorb more water
  • Hydrated
22
Q

What is the brain’s role in controlling water content (3)

A
  • Monitors water content of the blood
  • Instructs pituitary gland to release ADH into the blood
  • According to how much is needed
23
Q

How does your heart rate increase due to excerise (4)

A
  • Exercise increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
  • High levels of carbon dioxide are detected by receptors in the aorta and caraotid artery
  • These receptors send signals back to the brain
  • The brain sends signals to the heart, causing it to contract more frequently and with more force
24
Q

What happens once a pathogen gets inside your body (2)

A
  • Reproduces rapidly unless destroyed
  • Causing disease
25
Q

What is the aorta (1)

A
  • Largest artery in the body is the aorta
26
Q

Explain the process of ultrafiltration (6)

A
  • Blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus
  • High pressure builds up

which squeezes water, urea, salts and glucose out the blood and into the Bowman’s capsule

  • Membranes between the blood vessels in the Glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule act like filters;
  • big molecules like proteins and blood cells are not squeezed out, they stay in the blood
  • Filtered liquid in Bowman’s capsule is known as glomerular filtrate
27
Q

Pulmonary means to do with the ……

Hepatic means to do with the …….

Renal means to do with the ……..

A

Lungs

Liver

Kidneys

28
Q

What are the 3 main ways the body loses water (3)

A
  • Sweating
  • Weeing
  • Breathing
29
Q

How do kindeys adjust the body’s water content (3)

A
30
Q

What is the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidney nephrones controlled by (2)

A
  • A hormone
  • ADH
31
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to transporting oxygen (3)

A
  • Small and biconcave : large surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
  • Contain haemoglobin, which contains lots of iron. Reacts in the lungs with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
  • Don’t have a nucleas, frees up space for more haemoglobin, so they can carry more oxygen
32
Q
A
33
Q

If a person is sweating a lot or hasn’t drunk enough water, what do the kidneys do (3)

A
  • Kidneys reabsorb more water
  • So less is lost in the urine
  • So water balance is maintained
34
Q

What are phagocytes and what is there job (3)

A
  • Phagocytes detect things that are ‘foriegn’ to the body, e.g pathogens
  • They then engulf and digest the pathogens
  • They are non specific, they attack anything that’s not meant to be there
35
Q
A
36
Q

Which of these blood vessels (aorta, capillary, vena cava) is most suited for gas exchange (2)

A
  • Capillaries
  • Short diffusion distance/one cell thick/low pressure
37
Q

What do arteries do and how are they adapted to do this (3)

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure
  • Artery walls are strong and elastic
  • Walls are thick compard to the lumen, containing thick layers of muscle for strength
38
Q

What are the 3 main jobs of the Kidney (3)

A
  • Removal of urea from the blood (urea is produced in the liver from excess amino acids)
  • Adjustment of salt levels in the blood
  • Adjustment of water content of the blood
39
Q

Label A, B and C

A

A - Artery

B - Capillery

C - Vein

40
Q

What does ADH do (2)

A
  • Makes nephrons more permeable
  • So more water is reabsorbed back into the blood
41
Q

Name the 4 main components of blood (4)

A
  • Plasma - Platelets - Red Blood Cells - White Blood Cells
42
Q

If there is too much water in the body, what happens (4)

A
  • Brain detects water gain
  • Pituitary gland releases less ADH
  • Lack of ADH means kidney reabsorbs less water
  • Hydrated
43
Q

What is osmoregulation controlled by and what is this (2)

A
  • Negative feedback system
  • If water content is too high or low, a mechanism will be triggered that brings it back to normal
44
Q

What do red blood cells do (1)

A
  • Transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body
45
Q

Explain how excercise increases heart rate (3)

A
  • When excercising, muscles need more energy, meaning more respiration
  • Therefore need to get more oxygen into the cells and remove more carbon dioxide
  • For this to happen, blood has to flow faster, so your heart rate increases
46
Q

What is osmoregulation (1)

A
  • The body balancing water coming in against water going out

Edexcel GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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