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Edexcel GCSE Biology > Section 1 - Structures and Functions > Flashcards

Section 1 - Structures and Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven life processes? [7 marks]

A

M ovement

R espiration

S ensititity

N utriton

E xcretion

R eproduction

G rowth

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2
Q

Key features of a plant and an example {5 marks}

A
  • Multicellular
  • They can photosynthesise (becuase they have chloroplasts)
  • Their cells have cell walls, made of cellulose
  • Plants store carbs as sucrose or starch

- E.g maize

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3
Q

Label this plant cell? [7 marks]

A
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4
Q

Key features of an animal and an example {7 marks}

A
  • Multicellular
  • Can’t photosynthesise (don’t have chloroplasts)
  • Cells don’t have cell walls
  • Most have some kind of nervous coordination
  • Usually can move
  • Often store carbs as glycogen

- E.g insects

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5
Q

Label this animal cell? [4 marks]

A
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6
Q

What is the difference between the cell walls of a plant cell and a fungi cell? [1 mark]

A
  • Fungi cell walls are made of out chitin

- Plant cell walls are made of cellulose

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7
Q

Structure, photosyen, cell wall, feed, carbs, e.g

Key features of a fungi and an example {6 marks}

A
  • Some are single-celled, others have a body called a mycelium, made up of hyphae
  • Can’t photosyenthesise
  • Cells have cell walls made of chitin
  • Most feed by saprotrophic nutrition
  • Can store carbs as glycogen
  • E.g yeast
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8
Q

Can fungi photosyenthsise and how do they store carbs (2)

A
  • Can’t photosyenthesise
  • Store carbs as glycogen
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9
Q

Key features of a protoctists and an example {4 marks}

A
  • Single celled and microscopic
  • Some have chloroplasts (similar to plant cells)
  • Some are more like animal cells
  • E.g amoeba
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10
Q

Structure, nucleus, DNA, plasmids, photosyenthesise, feed, e.g

Key features of a bacteria and an example {7 marks}

A
  • Single celled and microscopic
  • Don’t have a nucleas
  • Have a ciruclar chromosome of DNA

- Contain plasmids

  • Some can photosyenthesise
  • Most bacteria feed off other organisms (living and dead)
  • E.g lactobacillus
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11
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleas and can they photosyenthesise (2)

A
  • No
  • Some can
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12
Q

structure, reproduction, infect, shapes, structure, e.g

Key features of viruses and an example {6 marks}

A
  • Viruses are particles, not cells
  • Only reproduce inside living cells (a parasite)
  • They infect all types of living organsims
  • Come in different shapes and sizes
  • No cellular structure : have a protein coat around some genetic material
  • E.g HIV
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13
Q

How can viruses reproduce (2)

A
  • Only inside other living cells
  • Viruses are parasites as they rely on other organisms
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What are pathogens {3 marks}

A
  • Organisms that cause disease
  • Include some fungi, protoctists, bacteria and viruses
  • E.g Viruses : Influenza virus
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16
Q

What is a catalyst? {2 marks}

A
  • A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction
  • Without being changed or used up in the reaction
17
Q

What is an enzyme {3 marks}

A
  • Enzymes are biological catalysts
  • Enzymes usually denature above about 45ºC
  • They are proteins, made up of chains of amino acids
18
Q

What is a substrate {1 mark}

A
  • A molecule that is changed in a reaction
19
Q

What is the ‘lock and key model’ {2 marks}

A
  • An active site is the part where a substrate joins onto the enzyme
  • A substrate is a molecule that is changed in a reaction
20
Q

Explain this diagram {5 marks}

A
  • Higher temperature increases rate of reaction
  • Because of a higher collision rate
  • If it gets too hot, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together will break
  • Active site and subrstate won’t fit together, won’t form lock and key model
  • Enzyme is denatured (optimum is 37 degrees)
21
Q

Describe how to investigate the effect of temperature on enzyme activity {5 marks}

A
  • The enzyme catalase catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Catalase found in potatoes.

  • Set the water bath to 10 degrees, and collect the oxygen produced in one minute using a measuring cyclinder.
  • Set the water bath to different temperatures to see how temperature affects catalase
  • Control variables such as enzyme conc and pH
22
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity {3 marks}

A
  • If the pH is too high/low, the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together
  • Most enzymes optimum pH is neutral, pH 7
  • However, pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach, pH 2
23
Q

Define diffusion {2 marks}

A
  • The net movement of particles from an area of high conc to an area of low conc
  • Down the conc gradient
24
Q

How do cell membranes use diffusion {3 marks}

A
  • They hold the cell together; but let substances in and out as well
  • Only very small molecules can diffuse through the cell membrane, e.g glucose, amino acids, oxygen
  • Big molecules, e.g starch and proteins can’t fit through the membrane
25
Q

Define osmosis {3 marks}

A
  • The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane
  • From a region of high to low water concentration
  • Down the conc gradient
26
Q

How are plants supported by turgid cells {4 marks}

A
  • When a plant is well watered, all its cells draw water in by osmosis and become plump and swollen (turgid)
  • Contents of the cell walll push against the cell wall (turgor pressure) which supports the plant tissues
  • When there’s no water in soil, plants lose turgor pressure and wilt (flaccid)
  • The plant doesn’t completly lose its shape, an inelastic cell wall keeps it in position
27
Q

Describe how a student would investigate diffusion in a non-living system {6 marks}

A
  • Use phenolphthalein, a pH indicator which is pink in alkaline solutions and colourless in acidic solutions
  • Use to investigate diffusion in agar jelly
  • Mix phenolphthalein, agar jelly and dilute sodium hydroxide (goes pink)
  • Fill a beaker with some dilute HCL. Cut out a few cubes from the jelly and put themin the HCL
  • Leave for a day
  • Cubes eventually turn colourless, as acid diffuses into the agar jelly and neutralises the sodium hydroxide
28
Q

Describe a way to investigate osmosis in living systems {6 marks}

A
  • Cut a potato into identical cyclinders
  • Fill one beaker with pure water, another with very concentrated sugar solution
  • Put equal amount of potato cyclinders in each
  • Measure length before, leave for 30 minutes, and measure lengths again
  • If the cyclinder has drawn in water by osmosis, it will be longer, vice versa
  • Repeat, take average, draw a graph
29
Q

What is active transport {3 marks}

A
  • Movement of particles against a conc gradient
  • From an area of low conc to an area of high conc
  • Using energy released during respiration
30
Q

Explain how active transport is used in the digestive sstem {4 marks}

A
  • Low conc of nutrients in the gut, but a high conc of nutrients in the blood
  • Active transport allows nutrients to be taken into the blood, against the conc gradient
  • Essential to stop starving
  • However, active transport needs energy from respiration to make it work
31
Q

Name the 3 main factors which affect the movement of substances {3 marks}

A
  • Surface area to volume ratio
  • Temperature
  • Conc gradient
32
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio affect rates of diffusion, osmosis and active transport {2 marks}

A
  • Rate of diffusion, osmosis, active transport is higher in cells with a higher surface area to volume ratio
  • Larger surface area to volume ratio means substances can move into and out of the cell faster
33
Q

How does temperature affect rates of diffusion, osmosis and active transport {2 marks}

A
  • As particles get warmer, they have more energy, meaning they move faster
  • As temperature increases, substances move in and out of cells faster
34
Q

How does the conc gradient affect rates of diffusion, osmosis and active transport (2)

A
  • Substances move in and out of cells faster if there is a big difference in conc, inside and out of the cell
  • Only increases the rate of diffusion and osmosis, conc gradients don’t affect the rate of active transport

Edexcel GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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