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GCSE bio > section 5 - blood and organs > Flashcards

section 5 - blood and organs Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 main components of blood

A

plasma, p-latelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

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2
Q

what does plasma carry

A
  1. red, white blood cells and platelets
  2. digested food products - glucose and amino acids
  3. carbon dioxide
  4. urea
  5. hormones
  6. heat energy
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3
Q

what are the 2 reasons for blood clotting

A

stop losing to much blood and prevent micro-organisms enetering the wound

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4
Q

what are platelets help together by

A

a mesh of protein called fibrin

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5
Q

what are the adaptations of red blood cells

A
  1. small and biconcave shape - large SA for absorbing and releasing o2
  2. contains haemoglobin which contains iron to release oxygen into cells
  3. dont have a nucleus to free up space for more haemoglobin so they can carry more oxygen
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6
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

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7
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

ingest pathogens - detect foreign things and engulf the pathogens to digest them.
they are non-specific and attack anything that is not meant to be there

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8
Q

what to lymphoctyes do

A

produce antibodies
every pathogen has antigens open surface
lymphocytes produce antibodies specific to the antigen.

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9
Q

why are memory cells produced

A

in responce to the foreign antigen to remember the specific antigen. reproduce fast if same antigen enters body again. secondary immune response much faster if reinfected

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10
Q

how does vaccination protect from future infections

A

injected with dead or inactive pathogens that carry antigens. trigger an immune response and lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them. memory cells are produces and remain in the blood so if same type of pathogen appear antibodies will be produced faster and in greater numbers to kill them

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessel

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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12
Q

what are arteries for

A

carry blood away from heart

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13
Q

what are capillaries for

A

exchange of materials at the tissues

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14
Q

what are veins for

A

carry blood to the heart

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15
Q

what are artery walls like

A

strong and elastic. the elastic fibres allow arteries to expand. walls are thick compares to the lumen (whole) and contains a thick layer of muscle to make them strong

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16
Q

what are capillaries like

A

really tiny. they carry blood close to every cell to exchange substances with them.
they have a permeable wall so substances can diffuse in and out.
they supple food any oxygen and take away waste like co2.
their walls are one cell think which increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it happens.

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17
Q

what are veins like

A

capillaries join up to veins. blood at low pressure so walls dont need to be thick. they have a bigger lumen that arteries to help blood flow despite the lower pressure. have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction . elastic fives and smooth muscle.

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18
Q

what kind of blood does the right atrium receive

A

deoxygenated blood

19
Q

what vein brings the blood to the heart from the body

A

vena cava

20
Q

where does the blood go after the right ventricle

A

to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

21
Q

what sort of blood does the left atrium receive

A

oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein from the lungs

22
Q

how does the blood get pumped to the rest of the body

A

through the left ventricle via the aorta

23
Q

why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle

A

to pu, p blood around the whole body rather than just to the lungs. the left ventricle is under higher pressure

24
Q

what do the valves in the heart do

A

prevent back flow of the blood

25
Q

how does the heart rate increase when exercising

A

increases amount of co2 in the blood. the high levels are detected by the receptors In the aorta and carotid artery. these receptors send signals to the brain which sends signals to the heart causeing it to contract more frequently with more force

26
Q

why does heart rate increase when excerisisng

A

to get more oxygen into the cells and remove more co2

27
Q

how does adrenaline cause heart rate to speed up

A

binds to specific receptors in the heart causing cardiac muscle to contract more frequently with more force, heart rate increases and heart pumps more blood. this increases oxygen supply to the tissues, getting the body ready for action

28
Q

which blood vessel carries blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

29
Q

which blood vessel carries blood away from the liver

A

hepatic vein

30
Q

which blood vessel carries blood from gut to liver

A

hepatic portal vein

31
Q

which blood vessel carries blood to the kidneys

A

renal artery

32
Q

which blood vessel carries blood from the kidneys

A

renal vein

33
Q

what is coronary hear disease

A
  1. coronary arteries get blocked by the layers of fatty material building up
  2. causes arteries to become narrow and blood flow is restricted, causing lack of oxygen which can lead to hear attack
34
Q

what are risk facts for coronary heart disease

A
  1. diet high is saturated fat - leading to fstty deposits
  2. smoking increases blood pressure and causes damage
  3. being inactive - can lead to high blood pressure
35
Q

what are the 3 main roles of the kidneys

A
  1. remove urea
  2. adjustments of salt levels in the blood
  3. adjustment of water content
36
Q

where is urea produces

A

liver

37
Q

what happens in ultrafiltration

A

blood from renal artery flows through the glomerulus. lots of blood and capillaries for high pressure
high pressure squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose into the Bowmans capsule.
called theglomerular filtrate

38
Q

what happens in selective reabsorption

A
  1. glucose is reabsorbes in the proximal convoluted tubule through active transports against concentration gradient - lots of mitochondria
  2. sufficient ions are reabsorbed, excess ions aren’t
  3. sufficient water is reabsorbed from collecting duct into blood stream by osmosis
39
Q

what happens to the remaining substances

A

continue out of nephron through the ureter and into the bladder where is is stored and released via the urethra

40
Q

3 ways water is lost from body

A

sweating, breathing weeing

41
Q

what is the regulation of water called

A

osmoregulation

42
Q

what hormone controls amount of water reabsorbed in kidneys

A

ADH

43
Q

what happens if more water is needed in the body

A

it is detected by the hypothalamus, ADH is released from the pituitary gland to make the collecting duct more permeable to reabsorb more water. causing urine to be more concentrated and less frequent

GCSE bio (8 decks)

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