section 4 - respiration and gas exchange

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

the process of transferring energy from glucose, which happens constantly in every living cell

Question 2

what is ATP

Answer 2

stores the energy needed for many cell processes

Question 3

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 3

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 4

what is produced in anaerobic respiration

Answer 4

lactic acid builds up in muscles because glucose is only partially broken down and leads to cramp

Question 5

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 5

glucose -> lactic acid

Question 6

what is the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

Answer 6

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Question 7

what colour is hydrogen carbonate indicator normally

Answer 7

orange

Question 8

what colour is hydrogen-carbonator when more carbon dioxide is present

Answer 8

yellow

Question 9

what colour is hydrogen carbonate indicator when there is less carbon dioxide

Answer 9

pure;e

Question 10

what apparatus would be used to measure the temperature change by respiration

Answer 10

beans - boiled and soaked, vacuum flask, cotton wall,

Question 11

how are leaves adapted for photosyntheseis

Answer 11

1. broad for large SA for diffusion
2. thin for short diffusion distance
3. air spaces for gases to move easily between cells
4. lower surface full of stomata to let gasses diffuse in and out
5. stomata closes in the dark to stop plant drying out due to loss of water
6. stomata close when supply of water is bad
7. opening and closing of stomata is controlled by guard cells by changing their shape and volume

Question 12

what happens when breathing in

Answer 12

intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract. thorax volume increases. decreases the pressure and draws air in

Question 13

what happens when breathing out

Answer 13

intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. thorax volume decreases. air is forced out

Question 14

how to investigate the release of carbon dioxide in your breath

Answer 14

2 boiling tubes. the sir is drawn in through noiling tube A and the limewater remains colourless. when break out the air bubbles through the limewater in boiling tube B which contains CO2 so limewater turns cloudy

Question 15

what are the little air sacs in the lungs called

Answer 15

ALVEOLI WHERE GAS EXCHANGE HAPPENS

Question 16

how do alveoli carry out gas exchange

Answer 16

blood is returning to the lungs from the rest of the body so has lots of co2 and less o2. oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus where there is a high concentration into the blood because there is a low concentration. carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood where there is a high concentration into the alveolus where there is a low concentration to be breather out

Question 17

what happens when blood reaches the body cells

Answer 17

oxygen is released from the red blood cells where there is a high concentration into the body cells where the concentration is low and carbon dioxide diffused from the body cells where there is a high concentration to the blood where there is a low concentration and carried back to the lungs

Question 18

how are alveoli specialised for gas exchanhge

Answer 18

1. large SA
2. moist lining for gases to dissolve in
3. thin walls - one cell thick so short diffusion distance
4. great blood supply to maintain high concentration gradient
5. permeable walls so gases can diffuse easily

Question 19

what does smoking do to alveoli

Answer 19

damages the walls, reducing SA for gas exchange and leads to diseases like emphysema

Question 20

what does the tar in cigarettes do

Answer 20

damages the cilia in lungs and trachea. there hairs and mucus catch dust and bacteria before they reach the lungs and keep the trachea clear by sweeping mucus back towards the mouth. when cilia damaged chest infections are more likely. it also irritates the bronchi and bronchioles, encouraging mucis to be produces which cant be cleared well by damaged cilia causing smokers cough and chronic bronchitis.

Question 21

what are the problems with carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke

Answer 21

reduces the amount of oxygen the blood can carry, to make up the heart rate increases which increases blood pressure. this damages the artery walls and makes formation of blood clots more likely - increases risk of coronary heard disease

Question 22

what are carcinogens

Answer 22

chemicals that can lead to cancer - tobacco smoke contains them

Question 23

what is oxygen debt

Answer 23

to amount of oxygen needed after exercise to brake down the lactic acid

Question 24

how Ould set up a respirometer to investigate the rate of respiration

Answer 24

syringe, mung beans, soda lime, gauze, capillary tube. dye should move because beans respire the volume of air decreases and air is dawn through the capillary tube

Question 25

what is the muscle flap that stops you eating and breathing at the the same time

Answer 25

epiglottis

Question 26

what does the bronchi

Answer 26

where the air branches into each lung

Question 27

what are the bronchioles

Answer 27

branches to increase SA and lots of alveoli attached